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Published on: Jul 09, 2020
2 minute read
By: Dr Rakesh Choudhary

COVID- 19 Tests – What Do You Need To Know?

COVID- 19 tests – What do you need to know?

Author: Dr. Rakesh Choudhary MBBS, MS, FRCS UK, FRCS Orth UK, MChOrth UK.

Dr. Choudhary is a practicing consultant surgeon in the UK.

So many of us think it is not their job to learn about COVID-19 tests and this should be left for the experts and governments to decide about these tests. But I strongly suggest the public must have a basic understanding of these tests which they may have to have themselves.

Basically there are two types of tests, one which can detect the virus in the body and the other one which tells if the person had the previous infection.

Virus test

The virus test detects an active infection. It detects the genetic material (RNA) of the virus during an active infection. It is also called a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test or nucleic acid test and is sometimes inaccurately called an antigen test.

A swab is taken from deep in the back of your throat and deep in the nose. The swab should go deep up to 7-8 cm and is generally uncomfortable for the patient. Swabbing patients using the correct technique is paramount in ensuring an accurate result. By simply swabbing the inside of the nasal passage is not deep enough to verify that the virus is present.

What does virus testing tell you?

This test tells us if a patient is actively infected with the COVID-19 virus. Virus testing is used mainly for the diagnosis of COVID-19.

When should it be done?

The virus test works best during the first seven days of symptoms.

The coronavirus can be detected in swabs even before symptoms of illness first appear . This is why people can be infectious for a few days before the onset of symptoms, which usually appear about 5 days after the virus infects. Some people have no symptoms throughout their infection but are positive on the virus test and infectious to others. After a few days of illness, the concentration of the virus falls (as seen in swab samples) and the symptoms of the illness usually recede.

Accuracy of the test

In a person with COVID-19, the test is less likely to give a positive result late in the course of infection once the virus has been cleared by the immune system, or if an inadequate sample is taken from the nose or throat. There are concerns that the rate of ‘false negative’ test results could be as high as 30% and a significant number of people are wrongly being told they do not have the virus.

Antibody test

Antibody tests check your blood by looking for antibodies, which may tell you if you had a past infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. Antibodies are protein structures that are produced by the immune system in response to certain infections. The antibody can help fight off infections and can provide protection against getting that disease again (immunity). Antibodies are disease-specific. For example, measles antibodies will protect you from getting measles if you are exposed to it.

The antibody test detects the presence of antibodies as a marker of past infection. The antibody test (blood test) will only detect infections after the immune system has produced antibodies that recognize the virus. This happens approximately 7–10 days after symptoms develop.

Tests carried out a week after a patient develops symptoms will detect only 30% of people who had COVID-19 infection. Accuracy increases to 72% at two weeks and to 94% in the third week. Some people may take even longer to develop antibodies, and some people who are infected may not ever develop antibodies.

Interpretation of the antibody test is complex for non-medical people. Basically having antibodies to the virus that causes COVID-19 may provide protection from getting infected with the virus again. If it does, we do not know how much protection the antibodies may provide or how long this protection may last.

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Clothing Drives for Secondhand Donation: Serving Society Sustainably

Clothing is a basic human need, yet millions of people across India lack access to adequate apparel, especially during extreme weather conditions. At the same time, urban households discard large volumes of wearable clothing each year. Clothing drives for secondhand donation bridge this gap by connecting surplus with need in a dignified, sustainable manner.

These initiatives are not merely charitable activities. They represent a structured approach to social responsibility, environmental stewardship and community wellbeing.

The Growing Need for Clothing Donation in India

India faces significant socio-economic disparity.

According to government and NGO data:

millions live below the poverty line
seasonal weather exposes vulnerable populations to health risks
access to basic clothing remains inconsistent

Clothing insecurity directly affects dignity, health and social participation.

Environmental Impact of Textile Waste

The fashion and textile industry is among the largest contributors to environmental pollution.

Textile waste leads to:

landfill accumulation
water pollution from dyes
increased carbon footprint

Reusing clothing through donation significantly reduces environmental strain.

Why Secondhand Clothing Matters

Secondhand clothing extends the lifecycle of garments.

Benefits include:

reduced demand for new production
conservation of water and energy
lower environmental emissions

According to sustainability studies, reuse has a far lower environmental cost than recycling or disposal.

Social Impact of Clothing Drives

Clothing donation drives provide:

protection from heat, cold and rain
improved hygiene and comfort
enhanced dignity and self-esteem

For recipients, clean, appropriate clothing supports physical health and social inclusion.

Role of Clothing Drives in Community Wellbeing

Community-based donation drives:

encourage collective responsibility
foster empathy and awareness
strengthen social bonds

When organised locally, they ensure relevance and timely distribution.

Corporate and Institutional Participation

Many organisations integrate clothing drives into CSR initiatives.

Benefits for organisations include:

measurable social impact
employee engagement
alignment with sustainability goals

EY-FICCI CSR reports highlight employee-driven social initiatives as highly effective engagement tools.

How to Organise an Effective Clothing Drive

Successful drives follow structured processes.

Key steps include:

clear communication on donation guidelines
segregation by size, gender and season
quality checks for usability
hygienic packing and storage

Organisation ensures dignity for recipients.

Importance of Quality and Dignity

Donations should always respect the recipient.

Essential guidelines:

clothes must be clean and wearable
damaged or unusable items should be excluded
culturally appropriate clothing should be prioritised

Dignified donation builds trust and respect.

Seasonal Relevance of Clothing Drives

Seasonal drives maximise impact.

Examples include:

winter clothing drives
monsoon protection apparel
school clothing collections

Timing ensures practical usefulness.

Health and Wellbeing Benefits

Adequate clothing reduces:

exposure-related illnesses
skin infections
respiratory conditions during cold weather

WHO recognises appropriate clothing as a basic determinant of health.

Sustainability and Circular Economy

Clothing drives support a circular economy by:

keeping materials in use longer
reducing waste generation
encouraging responsible consumption

They align with global sustainability goals.

Community Partnerships and NGOs

Collaborating with NGOs ensures:

efficient distribution
identification of genuine needs
transparency and accountability

Partnerships amplify reach and impact.

Measuring the Impact of Clothing Drives

Impact can be assessed through:

number of beneficiaries
quantity of clothing reused
environmental waste reduction
community feedback

Data-driven evaluation improves future initiatives.

Challenges and How to Address Them

Common challenges include:

poor-quality donations
storage and logistics issues
uneven distribution

Clear guidelines and partnerships help overcome these barriers.

Long-Term Value of Sustainable Donation Drives

Regular clothing drives:

normalise responsible disposal habits
build sustainable communities
encourage conscious consumption

They move society from waste to welfare.

Integrating Clothing Drives with Broader Wellness Initiatives

Clothing drives complement:

health camps
nutrition programs
community wellness initiatives

Holistic approaches improve overall social wellbeing.

Conclusion

Clothing drives for secondhand donation represent a powerful intersection of compassion and sustainability. By redirecting wearable clothing to those who need it most, these initiatives protect dignity, improve health outcomes and reduce environmental impact. In a society striving for sustainable development, organised clothing donation drives serve as practical, high-impact actions that benefit communities and the planet alike. When individuals and organisations come together to serve responsibly, small acts of reuse create lasting social change.

References

World Health Organization (WHO) – Social Determinants of Health Reports
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) – Environmental and Community Health Studies
NITI Aayog – Sustainability and Social Impact Frameworks
EY-FICCI – Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability Reports
Statista – Textile Waste and Sustainability Data
UN Environment Programme – Sustainable Consumption and Circular Economy

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