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Published on: Apr 04, 2020
2 minute read
By: Dr Rajan Choudhary

THE CHALLENGES FACED IN MAKING A VACCINE FOR COVID-19 — Part 2

Previously we’ve seen the difficulties researches face in trying to make a vaccine. But even if we make a vaccine, that’s just half the battle. Viruses are unique because they can mutate, and they can mutate to astonishing degrees. In humans mutations to tiny parts of our DNA can cause severe diseases or even death. In viruses mutations can change their structure, making them more infective and giving them a new coat. It gives them a survival advantage, the ability to evade our immune system and make our vaccines ineffective. This is why we need a new flu vaccine every year.

If it takes months to a year to develop a vaccine, it will be based off the virus found in December 2019. By this time the virus may have spread and mutated to such a degree that it is not effective. This does not mean all the effort was for nothing. Going through the steps and understanding the issues faced with making a COVID-19 vaccine can make the process quicker for subsequent vaccines against its mutated versions.

https://www.sciencealert.com/who-says-a-coronavirus-vaccine-is-18-months-away So Long to Develop a Vaccine

FAILURES FROM THE PAST

These issues were faced during the Ebola and Zika virus epidemics, and many large companies are understandably hesitant to develop vaccines for COVID-19. Ebola first broke out in 2014, and it was only in December 2019 that the first vaccine was approved for use by the European Commission and the United States. This is despite multiple large institutes in Canada and the UK working together to develop it.

13 different Ebola vaccine candidates had been identified soon after the outbreak, but none had been tested on humans. Unfortunately this is the most expensive part of development, and the area biopharmecuticals stand to loose the most money. Return on investments is also low, since epidemics usually take place in poorer countries, and the potential customers are unable to pay the high prices for these brand new treatments. It is an unfortunate realisation that research into medicines is driven by rich countries, for diseases that affect the rich.

https://newint.org/features/web-exclusive/2016/06/16/why-did-the-market-fail-to-produce-an-ebola-vaccine Ebola

WHERE ARE WE NOW?

This is all well and good, but what does it mean for COVID-19? We know we cannot rush a vaccine, because a poorly designed vaccine with unknown side effects can cause more harm than good, especially if given to children or the elderly. Currently the WHO are tracking 31 different attempts at making a COVID-19 vaccine, using different methods as discussed before. All of these are currently in the pre-clinical stage, focusing on isolating parts of the virus and creating a target the body will recognise and react to.

Researchers at the University of Queensland were one of the first to start using the genetic code of COVID-19, released openly by Chinese researchers. They have developed a test vaccine within 6 weeks using state-of-the-art genetic techniques, used for the first time. If animal models prove successful then human testing might begin within 6 months. In the pharmaceutical industry advancements this quick are almost unheard of.

Additionally over 293 clinical trials are taking place in China using existing drugs on the market. The advantage is we already know these drugs are safe to use in humans, but we are trying to work out if they will work against COVID-19. Some scientists are also looking at medications that were initially developed against SARS and MERS, but never completed because these outbreaks died down and the medication was no longer required.

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/china-recovered-develop-effective-covid-19-treatments-200302082850237.html COVID-19 treatments

https://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/novel-coronavirus-landscape-ncov.pdf?ua=1 WHO news

https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/28/21156385/covid-coronavirus-vaccine-treatment-moderna-remdesivir-research COVID-19 treatment

Its not all doom and gloom. Challenges drive innovation, and we are already benefitting from this. New forms of genetic sequencing, new methods for extracting viral proteins, new techniques in creating a vaccine. These innovations are already benefitting us on the drive to create an effective vaccine for COVID-19, and they will benefit us in the future when the next pandemic hits.

Dr Rajan Choudhary, Product Manager Second Medic UK

www.secondmedic.com

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Understanding the Monkeypox Outbreak in India: Symptoms, Causes, and Prevention Tips

In recent years, monkeypox has emerged as a significant health concern worldwide, including in India. This rare viral infection, primarily found in Central and West Africa, has gained attention due to its spread to new regions. Understanding monkeypox—its symptoms, causes, and prevention methods—is crucial for safeguarding public health. This blog will provide a clear overview of monkeypox, focusing on its impact in India and offering practical tips for prevention.

What is Monkeypox?

Monkeypox is a viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus. It is similar to smallpox but generally less severe. The virus was first discovered in monkeys in 1958, hence the name. The first human cases were reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970. Since then, the disease has occasionally appeared in other countries, including India.

Symptoms of Monkeypox

Monkeypox symptoms can vary but typically include the following:

1. Fever: One of the initial signs of monkeypox is a sudden onset of fever. This fever can be high and persistent.

2. Rash: A characteristic feature of monkeypox is a rash that usually starts on the face and then spreads to other parts of the body. The rash progresses through different stages, from flat spots to raised bumps, and eventually forms scabs.

3. Swollen Lymph Nodes: Unlike other viral infections, monkeypox often causes swelling of the lymph nodes, which can be painful and tender.

4. Muscle Aches and Fatigue: Patients may experience body aches, fatigue, and malaise, similar to what is felt during other viral illnesses.

5. Headache and Chills: Headaches and chills are common symptoms and often accompany fever.

6. Sore Throat: Some individuals may experience a sore throat along with other flu-like symptoms.

Causes of Monkeypox

Monkeypox is caused by the monkeypox virus, which is transmitted to humans from animals, particularly rodents and primates. The primary routes of transmission are:

1. Direct Contact with Infected Animals: Handling or consuming the meat of infected animals, such as rodents or primates, can lead to infection. In Africa, where the disease is more common, hunters and handlers of wild animals are at higher risk.

2. Human-to-Human Transmission: Monkeypox can spread from person to person through respiratory droplets during prolonged face-to-face contact. It can also be transmitted through direct contact with the rash, bodily fluids, or contaminated surfaces of an infected person.

3. Contaminated Materials: Contact with contaminated bedding, clothing, or other materials used by an infected person can also facilitate the spread of the virus.

4. International Travel: As seen in recent outbreaks, travel can play a role in the spread of monkeypox to new regions, including India.

Prevention Tips for Monkeypox

Preventing monkeypox involves several strategies to reduce the risk of infection:

1. Avoid Contact with Infected Animals: In regions where monkeypox is known to occur, avoid handling or consuming meat from wild animals, particularly rodents and primates.

2. Practice Good Hygiene: Regular handwashing with soap and water, or using hand sanitizer, can help reduce the risk of transmission. Ensure proper hygiene, especially after contact with potentially contaminated surfaces.

3. Use Protective Clothing: In areas where monkeypox is present, wear protective clothing when handling animals or coming into contact with potentially contaminated materials.

4. Avoid Close Contact with Infected Individuals: If you are in contact with someone who has monkeypox, avoid close contact and ensure they practice good hygiene. This helps prevent the spread of the virus to others.

5. Stay Informed: Stay updated on health advisories and information about monkeypox outbreaks. This can help you take appropriate precautions based on the current situation.

6. Vaccination: While there is no specific vaccine for monkeypox, the smallpox vaccine has shown to provide some level of protection. In certain situations, health authorities may recommend vaccination for individuals at high risk.

What to Do if You Suspect You Have Monkeypox

If you suspect you have monkeypox, it is essential to seek medical attention promptly. Here are steps to follow:

1. Contact Healthcare Provider: Inform your healthcare provider about your symptoms and any recent travel or contact with animals. They can provide guidance and recommend appropriate tests.

2. Isolate Yourself: To prevent spreading the virus to others, stay isolated until you receive a diagnosis and follow your healthcare provider’s recommendations.

3. Follow Medical Advice: Adhere to your healthcare provider’s instructions regarding treatment and care. Although there is no specific treatment for monkeypox, supportive care can help manage symptoms.

4. Notify Health Authorities: In some cases, reporting the case to local health authorities may be necessary to help with tracking and managing the outbreak.

Conclusion

Understanding monkeypox, its symptoms, causes, and prevention methods is vital in managing and preventing its spread. By following preventive measures and staying informed, you can help protect yourself and your community from this viral disease. If you have concerns or symptoms that may be related to monkeypox, seek medical advice promptly to ensure proper care and reduce the risk of transmission.
For more information on monkeypox and other health-related topics, stay connected with reliable health resources and consult healthcare professionals as needed.