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Published on: Apr 04, 2020
2 minute read
By: Raj Dwivedi

Protect Yourself From COVID-19 (novel Coronavirus)?

COVID-19 is a viral disease that is spread by airborne droplets, similar to other viral diseases such as the common cold. Symptoms include respiratory issues such as coughing and sneezing, and for this reason many people look towards masks to prevent the spread of this disease. Whilst masks have their place in the treatment and management of respiratory illnesses in the healthcare setting, for the general public masks are of little use. Most members of the public use simple surgical masks, and these are not as effective as the approved N95 particulate respirators used by healthcare professionals.

THE PROBLEM WITH MASKS

Simple face-masks help prevent large droplets and particles from teaching your mouth and nose, particles that may contain viruses and bacteria. In surgery they prevent bodily fluids from being transmitted between patient and surgeon, such as blood. However their design does not block the very small particles that are transmitted by coughs and sneezes. Furthermore they are loose fitting and so particulates can still enter through the gaps between the mask and the skin.

N95 respirators on the other hand are specially designed to prevent very fine particulate matter from entering the users nose and mouth. However even these are not perfect as they are only rated to block 95% of all such matter. Their use also depends on having a tight seal around the face, and cannot be used with facial hair. Application of the mask must also be done in a particular manner without touching the mask to ensure it remains sterile. It needs to be replaced as soon as it is damp, and by only touching the straps behind your head. Before and after putting on the mask your hands should be cleaned with alcohol based gels, or with soap and water.

Because of the issues associated with masks, the WHO has released recommendations on when members of the public should use masks:

· If you are healthy, you only need to wear a mask if you are taking care of a person with suspected 2019-nCoV infection.

· Wear a mask if you are coughing or sneezing.

· Masks are effective only when used in combination with frequent hand-cleaning with alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water.

THE IMPORTANCE OF HYGEINE

So if masks are not effective, what should you do? The simple answer is you should maintain good personal hygiene to minimise the risk of infection. Simple, frequent hand-washing with soap and water or with alcohol gel physically destroys the virus on your hands. This minimises any transmission risk to yourself and to other people. If sneezing, you should sneeze into the crook of your elbow or into a tissue, and dispose of this. After this you should once again clean your hands and dry them thoroughly. Washing your hands for 20 seconds is more effective at reducing the risk of infection than wearing a mask.

Antibiotics will not help in treating COVID-19 as this is a viral disease. Antibiotics have no effect on viruses because they are completely separate types of organisms, as different as a human is to a potato. Other drastic measures such as irradiating your body or using highly irritant cleaning products on the skin such as bleach can cause harm and create further medical problems. Using traditional or homemade medical therapies advocated on social media or by word-of-mouth are similarly not effective in destroying the virus. Some treatments can be harmful to your body as they are untested with no evidence to show they work, and unfortunately can provide you with a false sense of security. If you wish to obtain advice you should do so from a qualified health professional or from the World Health Organisation site on public advice. This can be found on https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public COVID-19.

www.secondmedic.com website

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Tuberculosis Symptoms and Treatment: Early Signs, Diagnosis, and Recovery

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest known infectious diseases and continues to be a major public health concern, especially in developing countries. India accounts for a significant proportion of global TB cases, despite advances in diagnosis and treatment. The good news is that tuberculosis is preventable, treatable and curable when detected early and managed properly.

Understanding tuberculosis symptoms and treatment is critical for reducing disease spread, preventing complications and achieving complete recovery.

What Is Tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also involve other parts of the body such as:

lymph nodes
bones and joints
kidneys
brain

TB spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks.

Why Tuberculosis Remains a Major Health Issue

According to the World Health Organization and ICMR data:

millions of new TB cases are reported annually
delayed diagnosis increases transmission
incomplete treatment leads to drug resistance

Early detection and treatment are key to TB control.

Common Tuberculosis Symptoms

TB symptoms often develop gradually and may be mild in the early stages, leading to delayed diagnosis.

Persistent Cough

A cough lasting more than two to three weeks is a hallmark symptom of pulmonary TB.

The cough may:

be dry or productive
worsen over time
sometimes produce blood

Fever and Night Sweats

Low-grade fever, especially in the evenings, is common.

Night sweats that soak clothing or bedding are a classic TB sign.

Unexplained Weight Loss

TB increases metabolic demand and reduces appetite, leading to significant weight loss.

Fatigue and Weakness

Persistent tiredness and reduced stamina occur due to chronic infection.

Chest Pain

Chest discomfort or pain may occur during coughing or breathing.

Symptoms of Extra-Pulmonary TB

When TB affects organs outside the lungs, symptoms depend on the site involved and may include:

swollen lymph nodes
bone or joint pain
headaches or neurological symptoms
urinary issues

Why TB Symptoms Are Often Ignored

Many TB symptoms resemble common infections or general weakness.

This leads to:

delayed medical consultation
prolonged transmission
disease progression

Awareness improves early detection.

How Tuberculosis Is Diagnosed

Diagnosis involves a combination of:

sputum tests
chest X-ray
molecular tests such as CBNAAT
blood tests and imaging for extra-pulmonary TB

Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment.

Tuberculosis Treatment Explained

TB treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken over a fixed duration.

Standard TB Treatment

For drug-sensitive TB, treatment typically lasts:

6 months

The regimen includes multiple antibiotics taken in phases to ensure complete bacterial clearance.

Importance of Treatment Adherence

TB bacteria are slow-growing and resilient.

Stopping treatment early can result in:

incomplete cure
relapse
drug-resistant TB

Completing the full course is essential.

Drug-Resistant TB

If TB bacteria become resistant to standard drugs, treatment becomes longer and more complex.

Drug-resistant TB requires:

specialised medications
longer treatment duration
close medical supervision

Prevention of resistance depends on correct treatment from the start.

Side Effects of TB Treatment

Some individuals may experience side effects such as:

nausea
loss of appetite
mild liver enzyme changes

Most side effects are manageable with medical guidance and do not require stopping treatment.

TB and Public Health

TB is not just an individual health issue but a community concern.

Effective TB control requires:

early diagnosis
treatment adherence
contact tracing
public awareness

India’s national TB elimination programmes focus on these strategies.

Preventing Tuberculosis

Preventive measures include:

early detection and treatment of active TB
improving nutrition and immunity
adequate ventilation in living spaces
screening close contacts

BCG vaccination offers partial protection, especially in children.

Living With and Recovering From TB

With proper treatment:

symptoms gradually improve
infection becomes non-contagious
normal life can be resumed

Regular follow-up ensures complete recovery.

When to Seek Medical Help

Consult a healthcare provider if experiencing:

cough lasting more than two weeks
unexplained weight loss
persistent fever or night sweats
blood in sputum

Early action saves lives and prevents spread.

Long-Term Outlook After TB Treatment

Most individuals who complete treatment:

recover fully
regain normal lung function
return to daily activities

Long-term complications are rare with timely care.

Conclusion

Tuberculosis symptoms and treatment must be understood clearly to combat this preventable and curable disease. Persistent cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss should never be ignored. Early diagnosis, complete treatment adherence and regular follow-up are essential for curing TB and preventing transmission. With proper medical care and public awareness, tuberculosis can be effectively controlled and eliminated as a public health threat.

References

Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) – Tuberculosis Epidemiology and Treatment Guidelines
World Health Organization (WHO) – Global Tuberculosis Report
National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) – Government of India
Lancet Infectious Diseases – TB Diagnosis and Treatment Outcomes
National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) – Infectious Disease Indicators
Statista – Global Tuberculosis Burden and Trends

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