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Published on: Apr 04, 2020
2 minute read
By: Raj Dwivedi

Problems With Detecting The Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) (1)

The Novel Coronavirus Disease has been in the public eye for almost two months now, and a lot has been happening behind the scenes to understand this new outbreak. Several organizations have been working together with the World Health Organization and Officials from China to understand the symptoms and how the virus causes the disease, track the number of people infected by the virus and put in place public health measures to adequately mitigate the potential dangers this disease can bring with it. In this post we will discuss the new updates to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).

IDENTIFYING COVID-19

As of 17 February, there have been 70, 365 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in China, with 1772 deaths, which gives it an estimated fatality rate of 2.5%. Now whilst these are official figures, the actual estimate may differ from this. This is because the areas that have been heavily affected especially the Hubei region, have had shortages of coronavirus testing kits, with demands far outstripping supply. Testing is required to not only identify patients for treatment but also for isolation and quarantine. This is a key step in preventing the rapid spread of disease amongst the population. Understanding the spread of a new disease also helps scientists create accurate disease models that can determine the infectivity, morbidity and mortality of COVID-19, and predict where the infection may strike next. The government authorities can use this information to prepare the surrounding regions, and ensure the impact of the disease is lessened.

Current testing requires swabs to be taken from the patients mouth and throat. This sample is then sent to laboratories, where the viral DNA is replicated in order to identify whether this DNA is from the coronavirus. Unfortunately, this is expensive, uses lots of reagents and can take two days. Even with laboratories working round the clock, running 6,000 tests a day, the workload is outstripping the health departments capacity. This leaves a large population of the Hubei Province with symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 but with no way to formally diagnose the disease. There may be a significant under-reporting of cases simply because capacity does not exist to test everyone, and the disease burden may be considerably higher.

INNOVATION IN RESPONSE

In response to this doctors have started using CT scans to identify potentially infected patients. CT scans are a quick, non-invasive and readily available. By looking for lesions and signs of pneumonia in the patients lungs. Whilst this negates the need for testing strips, lesions are a fairly late sign of COVID-19, and so this method is not suitable for those who have recently been infected or have not yet shown these symptoms. In the Hubei Province however, with the drastic shortage of testing kits, clinical and radiological diagnosis is now being used to increase the rate of detection.

Manufacturers are also struggling to increase output of testing kits and reagents to match this demand, and the race is on to develop new rapid testing kits. Beijing has approved seven Biopharmaceutical companies to push forward with fast track development of testing kits. Liferiver, a Shanghai based biotech company, took just 20 days from development of its kit to launch. This process normally takes 3 years. China’s Nankai University announced on Monday a breakthrough in developing a rapid test kit that can identify infection among suspected patients within 15 minutes.

And it’s not just Chinese companies — a Singapore based biotech company has announced a portable kit that can detect the novel coronavirus as well as similar viruses responsible for MERS and SARS in a single 2 hour test. These innovations represent a massive step forward in identifying infected patients early in order to provide them the necessary treatment, and in accurately tracking the spread of the disease.

www.secondmedic.com

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Impact of Air Pollution on Human Health: Risks, Effects and Prevention

Air pollution has become one of the most serious public health challenges worldwide. In India, rapid urbanisation, vehicle emissions, industrial activity and seasonal factors contribute to high pollution levels, especially in metropolitan cities. Understanding the impact of air pollution on human health is essential because exposure to polluted air significantly increases the risk of chronic illness and premature death.

According to the World Health Organization, air pollution is responsible for millions of premature deaths globally each year. Studies published in The Lancet highlight India as one of the countries most affected by air quality-related health burdens.

What Is Air Pollution?

Air pollution occurs when harmful substances such as:

particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10)
nitrogen dioxide
sulfur dioxide
ozone
carbon monoxide

accumulate in the atmosphere at unsafe levels.

Among these, PM2.5 particles are particularly dangerous because they are small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream.

Respiratory Health Effects

The most immediate and visible impact of air pollution is on the lungs.

Short-Term Effects

coughing
throat irritation
wheezing
shortness of breath

Long-Term Effects

chronic bronchitis
asthma worsening
reduced lung capacity
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Children and elderly individuals are especially vulnerable.

Impact on Heart Health

Air pollution does not only affect the lungs. Fine particles enter the bloodstream and trigger inflammation.

Long-term exposure increases risk of:

hypertension
heart attack
stroke
atherosclerosis

ICMR reports show cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of mortality in India, with pollution being a significant contributing factor.

Impact on Immune System

Constant exposure to polluted air weakens the immune response.

This leads to:

frequent respiratory infections
slower recovery from illness
increased susceptibility to viral diseases

Pollution also increases systemic inflammation.

Effect on Children’s Health

Children are particularly vulnerable because:

their lungs are still developing
they breathe more air relative to body weight
they spend time outdoors

Long-term exposure may reduce lung growth and increase asthma risk.

Impact on Pregnant Women and Infants

Research published in Lancet indicates that high pollution exposure during pregnancy increases risk of:

low birth weight
premature birth
developmental complications

Protecting pregnant women from pollution exposure is critical.

Air Pollution and Cancer Risk

Prolonged exposure to air pollution increases the risk of lung cancer.

WHO classifies outdoor air pollution as a carcinogen.

Mental Health and Cognitive Impact

Emerging research suggests pollution may contribute to:

cognitive decline
mood disorders
reduced concentration

Clean air supports brain health.

Seasonal Pollution in India

During winter months, many cities experience severe smog due to:

crop burning
temperature inversion
increased emissions

Monitoring Air Quality Index (AQI) helps individuals take precautions.

Signs of Pollution-Related Health Impact

persistent cough
chest tightness
eye irritation
unusual fatigue
worsening asthma

Individuals experiencing these symptoms should consult healthcare providers.

Preventive Measures to Reduce Exposure

Monitor AQI

Avoid outdoor activities during high pollution days.

Use Protective Masks

N95 masks filter fine particles effectively.

Indoor Air Quality

Use air purifiers and keep windows closed during peak pollution.

Avoid High-Traffic Areas

Limit time near busy roads.

Maintain Healthy Lifestyle

Strong immunity helps reduce pollution-related health risks.

Role of Preventive Healthcare

Regular screening for:

lung function
blood pressure
heart health

helps detect early damage caused by pollution.

Urban populations should prioritise routine health checkups.

Long-Term Public Health Impact

Air pollution contributes significantly to:

healthcare burden
productivity loss
economic strain

Preventive awareness and environmental policies are essential.

Conclusion

The impact of air pollution on human health is profound and far-reaching. From respiratory disorders and heart disease to immune suppression and increased cancer risk, polluted air affects nearly every organ system. In India’s urban environment, proactive measures such as monitoring AQI, using protective masks and maintaining regular health screenings are crucial. Protecting oneself from air pollution is not just about comfort—it is a vital step in preserving long-term health and preventing chronic disease.

References

World Health Organization (WHO) – Air Pollution and Health Reports
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) – Environmental Health Studies
National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) – Respiratory and Cardiovascular Data
NITI Aayog – Environmental and Preventive Health Strategy Reports
Lancet – Global Burden of Disease and Air Pollution Research

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