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Published on: May 03, 2024
2 minute read
By: SecondMedic Expert

Liver Function Tests In Hepatitis And Liver Disease

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Liver illnesses such as cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, liver cancer, and hepatitis (viral hepatitis) are all diagnosed and tracked with the use of liver function tests, or LFTs. These tests measure particular proteins, chemicals, and enzymes in the blood to offer important insights into liver health. To effectively manage the disease and provide patient care, it is crucial to comprehend the significance of liver function tests in these circumstances.

Understanding Liver Function Tests (LFTs)

A class of blood tests known as liver function tests evaluates the liver's capacity to carry out essential tasks and looks for indications of liver damage or dysfunction. These tests usually involve measuring liver-produced proteins, bilirubin levels, and enzymes.

1. Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST):

When liver cells are injured, two enzymes called ALT and AST are discharged into the bloodstream. Increased ALT and AST levels signify inflammation or damage to the liver. These enzymes are frequently increased in viral hepatitis (such hepatitis B and C) as a result of the immune system's reaction to the infection.

2. Bilirubin:

The yellow pigment known as bilirubin is created when red blood cells break down. Increased bilirubin levels may be a sign of cirrhosis or obstructive jaundice, which are disorders that impede liver function or bile flow obstruction.

3. Albumin and Total Protein:

Total protein and albumin levels are indicators of the liver's ability to synthesize proteins. Low levels could be a sign of malnutrition, chronic liver disease, or problems with the liver's ability to produce protein.

4. Prothrombin Time (PT):

PT gauges how well blood clots. Prolonged PT, which is frequently observed in advanced liver diseases such as cirrhosis, implies reduced hepatic synthesis of clotting components.

Tests of Liver Function in Hepatitis

One of the main causes of liver inflammation and damage is viral hepatitis. Tests for liver function are crucial for identifying and tracking viral hepatitis:

Hepatitis B: Prolonged liver inflammation brought on by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is indicated by elevated ALT and AST levels. Tracking these values aids in determining the severity of the illness and informs therapy choices.

Hepatitis C: Likewise, high levels of the liver enzymes AST and ALT indicate the presence of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Monitoring LFTs facilitates evaluation of liver damage progression and response to treatment.

Examinations of Liver Function in Fatty Liver Disease

Fat buildup in the liver is a hallmark of both non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive version, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In NAFLD/NASH, liver test may reveal:

- Mild increase in ALT and AST due to inflammation in the liver.

- Abnormalities in the levels of bilirubin throughout the later stages of the illness.

- In severe cases, impaired production of proteins such as albumin.

Tests of Liver Function in Patients with Cirrhosis and Liver Cancer

Cirrhosis: Because of the compromised liver function, LFTs in cirrhosis frequently show low albumin levels, extended PT, and increased bilirubin. For the purpose of controlling problems and monitoring liver function over time, routine LFT monitoring is essential.

Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma): Imaging investigations, tumor markers, and liver function tests(LFT) help detect and track this disease. A liver tumor's advancement or liver function impairment brought on by cancer infiltration may be indicated by abnormal LFTs.

Conclusion

Liver function tests are indispensable tools in the diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of various liver diseases, including hepatitis, fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. These tests provide valuable insights into liver health by measuring specific enzymes, proteins, and substances in the blood. Understanding the significance of liver function tests in these conditions is essential for effective disease management and patient care.

Book Liver Function Test(LFT)

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A. Liver function tests are blood tests that evaluate the liver's performance and detect signs of liver damage or dysfunction. They measure enzymes, proteins, and substances produced by the liver, providing valuable insights into liver health. LFTs are essential for diagnosing and monitoring liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and fatty liver disease.

A. Abnormal LFT results can indicate various liver conditions. Elevated levels of enzymes like ALT and AST may suggest liver inflammation or injury, often seen in viral hepatitis. Abnormal bilirubin levels may indicate impaired liver function or bile flow obstruction. Low albumin levels could signify chronic liver disease or malnutrition. Prolonged PT may indicate impaired clotting function, common in advanced liver diseases like cirrhosis.

A. Liver function tests play a crucial role in diagnosing and monitoring hepatitis (such as hepatitis B and C) and liver diseases like cirrhosis and fatty liver disease. Elevated ALT and AST levels in viral hepatitis indicate ongoing liver inflammation, while abnormal LFT patterns in fatty liver disease reveal fat accumulation and impaired liver function. Regular monitoring of LFTs helps assess disease activity and guide treatment decisions.

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Sleep Disorder Treatment: Effective Ways to Restore Healthy Sleep

Sleep is a fundamental biological process essential for physical restoration, mental clarity and emotional balance. Despite its importance, sleep disorders are increasingly common across all age groups. Millions of people struggle with poor sleep quality, difficulty falling asleep or frequent nighttime awakenings, often without seeking help.

Effective sleep disorder treatment plays a critical role in restoring healthy sleep patterns and preventing long-term health complications.

Understanding Sleep Disorders

Sleep disorders are conditions that disrupt normal sleep patterns, affecting the ability to fall asleep, stay asleep or achieve restorative sleep. They can be short-term or chronic and may occur due to lifestyle factors, medical conditions or psychological stress.

According to global and Indian health data, sleep disorders are underdiagnosed despite their strong association with chronic diseases.

Common Types of Sleep Disorders

Insomnia

Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder.

It involves:

difficulty falling asleep
frequent awakenings
early morning waking
non-restorative sleep

Chronic insomnia significantly affects daily functioning.

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a serious condition where breathing repeatedly stops during sleep.

Symptoms include:

loud snoring
daytime sleepiness
morning headaches

Untreated sleep apnea increases cardiovascular risk.

Restless Leg Syndrome

This condition causes uncomfortable leg sensations and an urge to move the legs, especially at night.

It disrupts sleep continuity and quality.

Circadian Rhythm Disorders

These occur when the body’s internal clock is misaligned with daily schedules, common in shift workers and frequent travellers.

Why Sleep Disorders Should Not Be Ignored

Chronic sleep problems increase the risk of:

heart disease
hypertension
diabetes
obesity
depression and anxiety
reduced immunity

Poor sleep affects both physical and mental health.

Causes of Sleep Disorders

Sleep disorders often result from multiple factors, including:

chronic stress
irregular sleep schedules
excessive screen exposure
caffeine or alcohol use
medical conditions
mental health disorders

Identifying root causes is essential for effective treatment.

Diagnosis of Sleep Disorders

Diagnosis involves:

detailed sleep history
lifestyle assessment
medical evaluation
sleep studies in selected cases

Accurate diagnosis guides appropriate treatment.

Sleep Disorder Treatment Approaches

Behavioural and Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is a highly effective non-drug treatment.

It focuses on:

correcting sleep-related thoughts
improving sleep routines
reducing anxiety around sleep

CBT-I is recommended as first-line treatment for chronic insomnia.

Lifestyle and Sleep Hygiene Measures

Good sleep hygiene includes:

maintaining regular sleep timings
limiting screen exposure before bedtime
creating a comfortable sleep environment
avoiding heavy meals late at night

These measures support natural sleep regulation.

Medical Management

Medications may be used:

short-term for severe symptoms
under medical supervision

Medication is often combined with behavioural therapy rather than used alone.

Treatment for Sleep Apnea

Management may include:

weight management
positional therapy
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices
treating underlying conditions

Early treatment reduces cardiovascular risk.

Role of Mental Health in Sleep Disorders

Sleep and mental health are closely connected.

Conditions such as anxiety and depression:

disrupt sleep architecture
worsen insomnia
require integrated treatment

Addressing mental health improves sleep outcomes.

Importance of Consistency in Treatment

Sleep disorder treatment requires:

patience
consistency
follow-up

Improvement may take weeks, but sustained effort yields lasting results.

Preventing Sleep Disorders

Preventive strategies include:

stress management
physical activity
balanced nutrition
limiting stimulants
maintaining work-life balance

Prevention is more effective than treatment alone.

Impact of Technology on Sleep

Excessive screen use affects melatonin production and delays sleep onset.

Reducing nighttime screen exposure significantly improves sleep quality.

When to Seek Professional Help

Consult a healthcare provider if:

sleep problems persist beyond two weeks
daytime functioning is affected
snoring and breathing pauses are noticed
sleepiness interferes with safety

Early treatment prevents complications.

Long-Term Benefits of Treating Sleep Disorders

Effective sleep disorder treatment leads to:

improved energy and concentration
better mood and emotional stability
reduced chronic disease risk
enhanced quality of life

Healthy sleep supports overall wellbeing.

Conclusion

Sleep disorder treatment is essential for restoring physical health, mental clarity and emotional balance. While sleep problems are common, they are not normal or harmless. Insomnia, sleep apnea and other sleep disorders can be effectively managed through behavioural therapy, lifestyle changes and medical care when needed. Early recognition and consistent treatment not only improve sleep quality but also protect long-term health. Prioritising sleep is a powerful step toward a healthier and more productive life.

References

Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) – Sleep Health and Lifestyle Studies
World Health Organization (WHO) – Sleep and Mental Health Guidelines
National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) – Sleep Disorders Research
Lancet Psychiatry – Sleep Disorders and Chronic Disease Risk
NITI Aayog – Mental Health and Preventive Healthcare Reports
Statista – Global Sleep Disorder Prevalence and Trends

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