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Published on: Mar 29, 2022
2 minute read
By: Second Medic Expert

Kidney Stones Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, And Treatment

Kidney stones are one of the most common urinary tract disorders, affecting around 1 in 11 people. Although they can cause excruciating pain, kidney stones are usually harmless and can be treated easily. Kidney stones develop when certain chemicals build up in the urine and form crystals. These crystals can grow into large masses, known as stones. Stones can develop anywhere in the urinary tract, but most commonly occur in the kidneys or bladder.

There are a variety of different treatment options available for kidney stones, depending on the size and location of the stone. Smaller stones may pass on their own without any treatment necessary. Larger stones may need to be broken up with sound waves or surgically removed.

Kidney stones occur when calcium or other minerals build up in the kidney to form a stone-like mass. Stones can range in size from a grain of sand to a pea and may be as large as a golf ball. Most kidney stones eventually pass out of the body on their own without causing permanent damage. However, large kidney stones may cause severe pain and blockage of the urine flow. Some kidney stones require treatment with Surgery, sound waves, or Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) to break them into smaller pieces that can be passed naturally.

Kidney stones are one of the most common disorders of the urinary tract. They occur when tiny crystals form in the urine and become hard over time. Kidney stones can vary in size from a grain of sand to a golf ball and can cause severe pain. There are several types of kidney stones, but the most common type is made up of calcium oxalate. Other types include uric acid stones, struvite stones, and cystine stones. Kidney stones usually develop when there is an imbalance in the normal substances that make up urine. When these crystals form, they can stick together and create a stone. Dehydration is a major contributing factor to kidney stone formation.

There are several different types of kidney stones, but the most common type is made up of calcium oxalate crystals. Other less common types include uric acid, Struvite, and cystine stones. Treatment for kidney stones depends on the type of stone involved and may involve surgery, medications, or other medical procedures. There are multiple things that can cause kidney stones, including a high intake of certain types of food and beverages, dehydration, and a family history of the condition. The most common type of kidney stone is made up of calcium oxalate crystals, but other substances like uric acid or struvite can also cause stones to form.

Once a stone forms in the kidney, it can travel down the ureter (the tube connecting the kidney to the bladder) and get stuck. Kidney stones often cause no symptoms until they start to move down the ureters (the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder). This can cause severe pain in the lower abdomen and groin, as well as generalized abdominal pain and nausea.

They affect men and women of all ages, although they are most common in adults between the ages of 20 and 40. Kidney stones can be extremely painful and can cause serious health complications if left untreated. The good news is that kidney stones can be effectively treated, and in many cases, prevented altogether.

Most kidney stones can be treated with medication or surgery. But you may be able to prevent them by making some changes to your diet and lifestyle. If you’re wondering how to treat kidney stones, the first step is to see a doctor. They will likely order some tests, including a CT scan or an ultrasound, to get a better idea of the size and location of the stone. They will also order a urine test to

There are four types of kidney stones: calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, and struvite. Kidney stones can range in size from a small grain of sand to a large pebble. Most kidney stones pass out of the body without causing any damage. However, if a stone does not pass on its own and instead lodges in the urinary tract (ureter), it can block urine flow and cause pain.

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How Cold Weather Affects Health: Understanding Winter’s Impact on the Body

Seasonal changes influence human health more than most people realise. Cold weather, in particular, places unique stress on the body and can worsen existing health conditions while increasing susceptibility to new illnesses. Understanding how cold weather affects health is essential for preventing seasonal complications and maintaining wellbeing during winter months.

In India, winter-related health issues vary by region but commonly include respiratory infections, cardiovascular strain and joint discomfort. According to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and World Health Organization (WHO), cold exposure is associated with increased morbidity, especially among older adults and people with chronic conditions.

Why Cold Weather Impacts the Body

The human body works constantly to maintain core temperature. In cold environments:

blood vessels constrict to conserve heat
energy expenditure increases
immune responses may weaken
organs work harder to maintain balance

These adaptations, while protective, also create health vulnerabilities.

Increased Risk of Infections

Weakened Immune Response

Cold weather can suppress immune function, making it harder for the body to fight infections.

Factors contributing to winter infections include:

reduced vitamin D due to less sunlight
dry air affecting mucosal defenses
closer indoor contact

Common winter infections include colds, flu and respiratory illnesses.

Respiratory Health Problems

Cold air irritates the respiratory tract.

This can lead to:

worsening asthma symptoms
bronchitis flare-ups
increased cough and breathlessness

WHO reports higher hospital admissions for respiratory illnesses during colder months.

Impact on Heart Health

Cold temperatures affect cardiovascular function.

Blood Vessel Constriction

Cold causes blood vessels to narrow, increasing:

blood pressure
heart workload

This raises the risk of:

heart attacks
strokes

People with existing heart disease are particularly vulnerable.

Joint and Muscle Pain

Cold weather affects musculoskeletal health.

Common complaints include:

joint stiffness
muscle aches
worsening arthritis pain

Lower temperatures reduce joint lubrication and increase sensitivity to pain.

Metabolic and Weight Changes

Winter often leads to:

reduced physical activity
increased calorie intake
metabolic slowdown

These changes contribute to weight gain and worsen metabolic conditions such as diabetes.

Skin and Hydration Issues

Cold air holds less moisture.

This leads to:

dry skin
cracked lips
worsening eczema

Dehydration is also common as thirst perception reduces in cold weather.

Mental Health Effects

Seasonal changes can influence mental wellbeing.

Cold weather is associated with:

low mood
reduced motivation
seasonal affective symptoms

Limited sunlight affects circadian rhythm and serotonin levels.

Cold Weather and Older Adults

Elderly individuals face higher risks due to:

reduced temperature regulation
weaker immunity
existing chronic conditions

Winter-related complications are a significant cause of hospitalisation in older populations.

Why Chronic Diseases Worsen in Winter

Conditions such as:

hypertension
arthritis
asthma
diabetes

often worsen due to reduced activity, stress on organs and infection risk.

Preventive Strategies for Winter Health

Maintain Body Warmth

Layered clothing and warm environments reduce cold stress.

Support Immunity

Adequate nutrition, vitamin intake and sleep strengthen immune defences.

Stay Physically Active

Indoor exercises and regular movement prevent stiffness and metabolic decline.

Manage Chronic Conditions

Regular monitoring and medication adherence are critical during winter.

Hydration and Skin Care

Drinking fluids and using moisturisers prevent dehydration and skin damage.

Role of Preventive Healthcare

Preventive healthcare helps:

identify seasonal risk factors
adjust treatment plans
prevent winter complications

NITI Aayog highlights seasonal preparedness as an important public health strategy.

When to Seek Medical Help

Medical attention is necessary if:

infections persist or worsen
chest pain or breathlessness occurs
joint pain limits mobility
mental health symptoms interfere with daily life

Early care prevents serious outcomes.

Long-Term Impact of Ignoring Winter Health Risks

Ignoring cold weather effects may lead to:

severe infections
cardiovascular events
chronic pain progression
reduced quality of life

Seasonal awareness plays a critical role in long-term health.

Conclusion

Understanding how cold weather affects health allows individuals to take timely preventive measures. Winter increases the risk of infections, heart strain, respiratory problems, joint pain and mental health challenges. With proper warmth, nutrition, activity and preventive healthcare, most cold-related health issues are manageable and preventable. Seasonal care is not optional—it is essential for protecting health and wellbeing throughout the colder months.

References

ICMR – Seasonal Health and Infectious Disease Reports
National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) – Seasonal Morbidity Data
NITI Aayog – Preventive Healthcare and Seasonal Preparedness Strategy
WHO – Cold Weather and Health Impact Guideline
Lancet – Seasonal Variation in Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases
Statista – Winter Health Trends and Illness Data
Indian Journal of Public Health – Climate and Health Studies

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