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Published on: Apr 04, 2020
3 minute read
By: Dr Rajan Choudhary

Declaring A Pandemic — What Does This Mean ?

Its finally happened. Three months after the first case was reported in Wuhan, China, and after a 13 fold increase in cases in just two weeks, the World Health Organisation has designated COVID-19 a pandemic. This disease has resulted in over 121,500 confirmed cases across 114 nations, and 4,300 deaths, over 3,000 of them in China alone.

The WHO has shown alarm at some countries that have shown “alarming levels of inaction” and hope the new designation of pandemic will shock these nations into action. “This is not just a public health crisis, it is a crisis that will touch every sector,” said Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO director-general, at a media briefing. “So every sector and every individual must be involved in the fights.”

Despite this new update, it is not too late for nations to act, and countries can still impact the course of the outbreak by detecting, testing, treating and isolating patient, with further education to the public and contact tracing of cases.

WHAT IS A PANDEMIC

An epidemic is an increase in the spread of a disease within a community, and can be relatively common. Sometimes a single disease may spread rapidly in a small, unprepared community creating an epidemic. This is happening more often with the prevalence of the anti-vaxx movement, as immunity falters against preventable diseases like measles.

A pandemic on the other hand is the global outbreak of a serious new illness that is “sustainably transmitted throughout the world”. It is not a descriptor that is used lightly, as declaring a pandemic could “cause unreasonable fear, or unjustified acceptance that the fight is over,” if used incorrectly. There has been much discussion whether the declaration of N1N1 “swine flu” as a pandemic caused unnecessary panic, overwhelmed emergency services or caused excessive expenditure on antiviral medication.

Though they were concerned by the spread of the disease and came close by labelling it a “pandemic potential”, the WHO were reluctant to declare it one. Unfortunately, after 2 months of assessing the outbreak, members of the WHO were concerned “both by the alarming levels of spread and severity, and by the alarming levels of inaction.” There is no threshold, number of deaths, number of countries affected.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR THE COUNTRIES?

According to the World Bank, the annual global cost of a severe pandemic is around $570 billion, or 0.7% of the entire world’s income. This estimation is realised as more people stay at home and more authoritative measures are enforced by governments. At this time, Italy has not put in place nationwide quarantine with further closure of almost all shops and services bar food shops and chemists.

The UK is expected to move from the “containment” phase of the outbreak, aimed at halting the spread of the disease”, to “delay”. This instead accepts the disease cannot be contained, and instead looks to slow its progression. Measures such as “social distancing”, isolation of those showing minor viral symptoms and cancellation of social events. To prepare for the UK epidemic a £30bn package has been prepared to boost the economy during the COVID outbreak.

India has suspended all tourist visas and e-visas until April 15ht as a pandemic is declared. All incoming travellers including Indian nationals will be quarantined for a minimum of 14 days if they have visited China, Italy, Iran, Korea, France, Spain and Germany after 15ht February. Advice has also been given to avoid all non-essential travel abroad.

South Korea has ramped up testing, performing around 4,000 tests per million people between 3rd January and 11th March. In comparison to 1,000 per million in Italy, 400 per million in the UK and only 28 in the UK. This has been due to differences in government responses, the severity of outbreaks in each country and the nature of the healthcare system in each country.

The steady decrease in new coronavirus cases in South Korea has been attributed to this mass testing, improved public communications and the use of new technology to aid diagnosis and management. Interestingly it has been achieved without the drastic quarantine procedures in place in China and Italy.

WHAT SHOULD I DO

Washing your hands has been emphasised by almost all public health agencies and governments. And you should continue to follow this advice. Soap and water is one of the most effective ways to destroy the virus on your hands, and helps prevent its spread.

It is also important to avoid panic, and to not hoard soap, food and toilet roll. Do not trust forwards on WhatsApp or treatment advice suggested, as these can be ineffective or even dangerous. Recently 27 people died from alcohol poisoning after a myth was spread stating strong alcohol could cure coronavirus.

Similarly be wary of false cures being sold online or by un reputable stores. Currently there is no cure for COVID, and supportive treatment is required for those who fall extremely ill.

If you have symptoms of COVID-19, you should self-isolate and notify your local health authorities. Symptoms include fever, cough, sneezing, general lethargy and joint pain, symptoms similar to the flu.

If you have confirmed COVID and have been asked to quarantine yourself, PLEASE STAY INDOORS. There have been instances of infected people continuing to partake in everyday activities, resulting in the spread of the infection, sometimes to vulnerable children and the elderly.

Dr Rajan Choudhary, Product Head, Second Medic Inc, UK

www.secondmedic.com

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Understanding the Monkeypox Outbreak in India: Symptoms, Causes, and Prevention Tips

In recent years, monkeypox has emerged as a significant health concern worldwide, including in India. This rare viral infection, primarily found in Central and West Africa, has gained attention due to its spread to new regions. Understanding monkeypox—its symptoms, causes, and prevention methods—is crucial for safeguarding public health. This blog will provide a clear overview of monkeypox, focusing on its impact in India and offering practical tips for prevention.

What is Monkeypox?

Monkeypox is a viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus. It is similar to smallpox but generally less severe. The virus was first discovered in monkeys in 1958, hence the name. The first human cases were reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970. Since then, the disease has occasionally appeared in other countries, including India.

Symptoms of Monkeypox

Monkeypox symptoms can vary but typically include the following:

1. Fever: One of the initial signs of monkeypox is a sudden onset of fever. This fever can be high and persistent.

2. Rash: A characteristic feature of monkeypox is a rash that usually starts on the face and then spreads to other parts of the body. The rash progresses through different stages, from flat spots to raised bumps, and eventually forms scabs.

3. Swollen Lymph Nodes: Unlike other viral infections, monkeypox often causes swelling of the lymph nodes, which can be painful and tender.

4. Muscle Aches and Fatigue: Patients may experience body aches, fatigue, and malaise, similar to what is felt during other viral illnesses.

5. Headache and Chills: Headaches and chills are common symptoms and often accompany fever.

6. Sore Throat: Some individuals may experience a sore throat along with other flu-like symptoms.

Causes of Monkeypox

Monkeypox is caused by the monkeypox virus, which is transmitted to humans from animals, particularly rodents and primates. The primary routes of transmission are:

1. Direct Contact with Infected Animals: Handling or consuming the meat of infected animals, such as rodents or primates, can lead to infection. In Africa, where the disease is more common, hunters and handlers of wild animals are at higher risk.

2. Human-to-Human Transmission: Monkeypox can spread from person to person through respiratory droplets during prolonged face-to-face contact. It can also be transmitted through direct contact with the rash, bodily fluids, or contaminated surfaces of an infected person.

3. Contaminated Materials: Contact with contaminated bedding, clothing, or other materials used by an infected person can also facilitate the spread of the virus.

4. International Travel: As seen in recent outbreaks, travel can play a role in the spread of monkeypox to new regions, including India.

Prevention Tips for Monkeypox

Preventing monkeypox involves several strategies to reduce the risk of infection:

1. Avoid Contact with Infected Animals: In regions where monkeypox is known to occur, avoid handling or consuming meat from wild animals, particularly rodents and primates.

2. Practice Good Hygiene: Regular handwashing with soap and water, or using hand sanitizer, can help reduce the risk of transmission. Ensure proper hygiene, especially after contact with potentially contaminated surfaces.

3. Use Protective Clothing: In areas where monkeypox is present, wear protective clothing when handling animals or coming into contact with potentially contaminated materials.

4. Avoid Close Contact with Infected Individuals: If you are in contact with someone who has monkeypox, avoid close contact and ensure they practice good hygiene. This helps prevent the spread of the virus to others.

5. Stay Informed: Stay updated on health advisories and information about monkeypox outbreaks. This can help you take appropriate precautions based on the current situation.

6. Vaccination: While there is no specific vaccine for monkeypox, the smallpox vaccine has shown to provide some level of protection. In certain situations, health authorities may recommend vaccination for individuals at high risk.

What to Do if You Suspect You Have Monkeypox

If you suspect you have monkeypox, it is essential to seek medical attention promptly. Here are steps to follow:

1. Contact Healthcare Provider: Inform your healthcare provider about your symptoms and any recent travel or contact with animals. They can provide guidance and recommend appropriate tests.

2. Isolate Yourself: To prevent spreading the virus to others, stay isolated until you receive a diagnosis and follow your healthcare provider’s recommendations.

3. Follow Medical Advice: Adhere to your healthcare provider’s instructions regarding treatment and care. Although there is no specific treatment for monkeypox, supportive care can help manage symptoms.

4. Notify Health Authorities: In some cases, reporting the case to local health authorities may be necessary to help with tracking and managing the outbreak.

Conclusion

Understanding monkeypox, its symptoms, causes, and prevention methods is vital in managing and preventing its spread. By following preventive measures and staying informed, you can help protect yourself and your community from this viral disease. If you have concerns or symptoms that may be related to monkeypox, seek medical advice promptly to ensure proper care and reduce the risk of transmission.
For more information on monkeypox and other health-related topics, stay connected with reliable health resources and consult healthcare professionals as needed.