• Published on: Apr 25, 2021
  • 2 minute read
  • By: Dr Rajan Choudhary

COVID 19 Mutations: An Update

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COVID 19 Mutations: an update

India is currently experiencing a very high rate of infections across the country, resulting in record hospitalisations, ICU admissions and now a severe shortage of oxygen. How did this happen? As with all things, it is likely multifactorial, and blame cannot be associated with one single issue. Socioeconomic issues preventing effective lockdown, stretched healthcare resources, poor communication and maintenance of social distancing and mask use. And of course, viral variants, something we will be discussing below.

GENETIC MUTATIONS

Mutations are integrated deeply into the backbone of genetics. When DNA replicates, its two strands split apart and are used as blueprints to create two new strands, each containing half the original DNA. Mutation’s sneak into the replication phase, and can change the proteins the DNA encodes. If these mutations are compatible with life, they survive and may be passed down the generations. If the mutations provide an evolutionary benefit that improves the survival of the organism and allows it to outcompete other organisms, its descendants will survive, and the mutation will flourish.

Complex organisms such as plants and animals have inherent DNA repair mechanisms that reduce the rate of mutations. This is because most mutations are incompatible with life, as they destroy critical proteins required for the most basic functions of cell function and life. Cancer is evidence of what happens when these repair mechanisms fail. Viruses do not have such protection; when the high mutation rate is combined with the high replication rate, viral variants are inevitable.  

COVID MUTATIONS

Scientists have been tracking mutations of the SARS-CoV-2 virus closely. Countries across the world are basing the re-opening and recovery of their societies on reducing infection rates and preventing re-infections through vaccination programmes. If the virus mutates, it can result in increased infectivity, mortality, and potentially the ability to escape from natural immunity offered by antibodies.

Indian genome scientists first detected the “double variant” of the novel coronavirus in October 2020, and in the UK in Feb 2021. It has been on the rise, and B.1.617 accounts for almost 70% of genomes submitted by India to the global database GISAID. It has a total of 13 mutations, which in turn lead to the change in multiple amino acids. B.1.617 has multiple mutations and describing it as a “double mutant” virus is therefore inaccurate.

L452R

B1617 s more contagious because of a mutation in the spike protein known as L452R.This mutation has been studied as it has also been found in variants identified in California (including apes in San Diego Zoo).  It is thought this improves the binding to the ACE2 receptors in the lung and may also have some ability to escape from neutralising antibodies.

E484Q

The second mutation is E484Q, which also affects the spike protein to make it less susceptible to pre-existing antibodies, though there is limited evidence for this. Looking at convalescent plasma donated by people it appears to have weaker neutralisation of B.1.617 in some people, though this isn’t a consistent finding.

Mutations at position 484 have also been found in other global variants, though these E484K mutations lead to different functions. One study looking at the UK B.1.1.7 variant looked at how this E484K mutation affected viral interactions in vaccinated patients. Patients who have been vaccinated produce antibodies with a wide range of actions targeting multiple sections of the spike protein. When these patient serums were exposed to the B.1.1.7 mutation, it was found to have decreased neutralisation. This raised the risk of reduced vaccine efficacy and threatened the vaccine programme. Currently, public health officials are confident our vaccine programmes cover the emerging variants. 

CONCERNS

Whilst B.1.617 is concerning, it currently accounts for about 20% of cases in Maharashtra, and likely a low percentage of total infections in the country. There is not yet enough evidence to classify it as a “variant of concern”, and further research is required. Though it has increased potential for spreading, currently the UK variant B.1.1.7 may be on the rise, and more concerning. It has over 50% increased transmissibility and 60% lethality and contributed to the UK’s most recent wave of infections. Genomic studies have shown it is now the dominant form of the virus in the Indian state of Punjab.

What is most concerning, however, is the risk of more variants emerging. As the infection spreads unimpeded through the population, viral replication remains at an all-time high, which in turn increases the risk of mutations. Current mutations are covered by vaccines, future mutations may not be. This is why we need to lower infection rates as soon as possible.

Social distancing, use of masks, vaccinations, lockdowns, and quarantine when expressing symptoms.  We have to follow public health advice, to prevent our infection rates from spiralling further out of control

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National Dentist Day 2025

National Dentist Day: Best Oral Hygiene Tips Shared by Experts

Every year, on March 6th, National Dentist Day is celebrated to recognize the invaluable contributions of dentists in maintaining our oral health. This special day also serves as a reminder of the importance of good oral hygiene habits. Whether you're looking to improve your daily dental routine or seeking expert advice, we’ve compiled the best oral hygiene tips shared by dentists to help you achieve a healthy and confident smile.

1. Brush Properly, Not Just Regularly

Brushing twice a day is essential, but how you brush matters just as much as how often. Experts recommend using a soft-bristled toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste. Follow these steps for effective brushing:

  • Use a gentle, circular motion rather than scrubbing.

  • Brush for at least two minutes twice a day.

  • Ensure you clean all tooth surfaces, including the back molars and gum line.

2. Flossing is Non-Negotiable

Flossing removes food particles and plaque from between your teeth where your toothbrush can’t reach. Dentists suggest flossing at least once a day to prevent cavities and gum disease. If traditional flossing is difficult, consider using:

  • Water flossers

  • Interdental brushes

  • Floss picks

3. Rinse with Mouthwash for Extra Protection

Using an antibacterial mouthwash helps reduce plaque, prevents bad breath, and protects against gum disease. Look for a fluoride-based or alcohol-free mouthwash, especially if you have sensitive gums.

Tip: Rinse for 30 seconds after brushing and flossing for best results.

4. Eat a Tooth-Friendly Diet

What you eat significantly impacts your oral health. Dentists recommend incorporating the following foods into your diet:

  • Dairy products (milk, cheese, yogurt) to strengthen enamel.

  • Crunchy fruits and vegetables (apples, carrots) to naturally clean teeth.

  • Nuts and seeds for essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

  • Green tea for its antibacterial properties.

Avoid excessive consumption of sugary snacks, acidic beverages, and sticky candies, which can erode enamel and lead to cavities.

5. Stay Hydrated and Limit Sugary Drinks

Drinking plenty of water helps wash away food particles and bacteria, keeping your mouth fresh and clean. Limit soda, sports drinks, and coffee, as they can stain teeth and contribute to decay.

Pro Tip: If you drink sugary or acidic beverages, use a straw to minimize direct contact with your teeth.

6. Replace Your Toothbrush Regularly

A worn-out toothbrush is ineffective at cleaning your teeth. Dentists recommend replacing your toothbrush every 3-4 months or sooner if the bristles are frayed. Using an electric toothbrush can also improve plaque removal.

7. Schedule Regular Dental Checkups

No matter how diligent your oral hygiene routine is, visiting your dentist every six months is crucial for professional cleanings and early detection of dental issues. Regular checkups can help prevent cavities, gum disease, and even serious health conditions linked to poor oral health.

8. Protect Your Teeth While Playing Sports

If you engage in contact sports, wearing a custom-fitted mouthguard can protect your teeth from injuries and fractures. This simple preventive measure can save you from costly dental treatments.

9. Avoid Smoking and Tobacco Products

Smoking and tobacco use are major contributors to gum disease, tooth loss, and oral cancer. If you’re looking for another reason to quit, your oral health is a great motivation. Talk to your dentist about resources to help you quit.

10. Teach Kids Good Oral Hygiene Habits Early

Children should learn proper oral hygiene habits from a young age. Encourage them to:

  • Brush their teeth with fluoride toothpaste.

  • Floss regularly.

  • Visit the dentist every six months.

  • Avoid excessive sweets and sugary drinks.

Setting a strong foundation for oral health can prevent future dental issues and ensure a lifetime of healthy smiles.

Conclusion

This National Dentist Day, take the opportunity to improve your oral care routine by following these expert tips. Good oral hygiene isn’t just about having a bright smile—it’s also essential for overall health and well-being. Show appreciation for your dentist by prioritizing your dental health and scheduling your next checkup.

For personalized dental care advice, consult a professional at SecondMedic, where expert guidance helps you maintain optimal oral health.

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