COVID 19 Mutations: An Update

COVID 19 Mutations: an update

India is currently experiencing a very high rate of infections across the country, resulting in record hospitalisations, ICU admissions and now a severe shortage of oxygen. How did this happen? As with all things, it is likely multifactorial, and blame cannot be associated with one single issue. Socioeconomic issues preventing effective lockdown, stretched healthcare resources, poor communication and maintenance of social distancing and mask use. And of course, viral variants, something we will be discussing below.

GENETIC MUTATIONS

Mutations are integrated deeply into the backbone of genetics. When DNA replicates, its two strands split apart and are used as blueprints to create two new strands, each containing half the original DNA. Mutation’s sneak into the replication phase, and can change the proteins the DNA encodes. If these mutations are compatible with life, they survive and may be passed down the generations. If the mutations provide an evolutionary benefit that improves the survival of the organism and allows it to outcompete other organisms, its descendants will survive, and the mutation will flourish.

Complex organisms such as plants and animals have inherent DNA repair mechanisms that reduce the rate of mutations. This is because most mutations are incompatible with life, as they destroy critical proteins required for the most basic functions of cell function and life. Cancer is evidence of what happens when these repair mechanisms fail. Viruses do not have such protection; when the high mutation rate is combined with the high replication rate, viral variants are inevitable.

COVID MUTATIONS

Scientists have been tracking mutations of the SARS-CoV-2 virus closely. Countries across the world are basing the re-opening and recovery of their societies on reducing infection rates and preventing re-infections through vaccination programmes. If the virus mutates, it can result in increased infectivity, mortality, and potentially the ability to escape from natural immunity offered by antibodies.

Indian genome scientists first detected the “double variant” of the novel coronavirus in October 2020, and in the UK in Feb 2021. It has been on the rise, and B.1.617 accounts for almost 70% of genomes submitted by India to the global database GISAID. It has a total of 13 mutations, which in turn lead to the change in multiple amino acids. B.1.617 has multiple mutations and describing it as a “double mutant” virus is therefore inaccurate.

L452R

B1617 s more contagious because of a mutation in the spike protein known as L452R.This mutation has been studied as it has also been found in variants identified in California (including apes in San Diego Zoo). It is thought this improves the binding to the ACE2 receptors in the lung and may also have some ability to escape from neutralising antibodies.

E484Q

The second mutation is E484Q, which also affects the spike protein to make it less susceptible to pre-existing antibodies, though there is limited evidence for this. Looking at convalescent plasma donated by people it appears to have weaker neutralisation of B.1.617 in some people, though this isn’t a consistent finding.

Mutations at position 484 have also been found in other global variants, though these E484K mutations lead to different functions. One study looking at the UK B.1.1.7 variant looked at how this E484K mutation affected viral interactions in vaccinated patients. Patients who have been vaccinated produce antibodies with a wide range of actions targeting multiple sections of the spike protein. When these patient serums were exposed to the B.1.1.7 mutation, it was found to have decreased neutralisation. This raised the risk of reduced vaccine efficacy and threatened the vaccine programme. Currently, public health officials are confident our vaccine programmes cover the emerging variants.

CONCERNS

Whilst B.1.617 is concerning, it currently accounts for about 20% of cases in Maharashtra, and likely a low percentage of total infections in the country. There is not yet enough evidence to classify it as a “variant of concern”, and further research is required. Though it has increased potential for spreading, currently the UK variant B.1.1.7 may be on the rise, and more concerning. It has over 50% increased transmissibility and 60% lethality and contributed to the UK’s most recent wave of infections. Genomic studies have shown it is now the dominant form of the virus in the Indian state of Punjab.

What is most concerning, however, is the risk of more variants emerging. As the infection spreads unimpeded through the population, viral replication remains at an all-time high, which in turn increases the risk of mutations. Current mutations are covered by vaccines, future mutations may not be. This is why we need to lower infection rates as soon as possible.

Social distancing, use of masks, vaccinations, lockdowns, and quarantine when expressing symptoms. We have to follow public health advice, to prevent our infection rates from spiralling further out of control

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From Weight Loss to Heart Health: The Comprehensive Benefits of Eating Figs

Introduction to the Health Benefits of Figs

Figs are a delicious and nutritious fruit that have been enjoyed for centuries. Packed with vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and dietary fiber, figs offer numerous health benefits. Whether you eat them fresh or dried, figs can be a valuable addition to your diet. In this blog, we will explore the many advantages of eating figs, from aiding weight loss to improving heart health.

Figs for Weight Loss Benefits

If you're looking to shed some pounds, figs can be a fantastic addition to your weight loss plan. Figs are low in calories but high in dietary fiber, which helps you feel full longer and reduces overall calorie intake. The fiber content in figs promotes satiety, making you less likely to overeat.

Additionally, figs have a natural sweetness that can satisfy your sugar cravings without the added calories of processed sweets. Incorporating figs into your weight loss diet is easy. Enjoy them as a snack, add them to your salads, or blend them into your morning smoothie. The benefits of eating figs for weight loss are truly impressive, making them a great choice for anyone aiming to achieve a healthier weight.

Figs for Heart Disease Prevention

Heart disease is a leading cause of death worldwide, but the good news is that figs can help protect your heart. Figs are rich in antioxidants, which help combat oxidative stress and reduce inflammation, two major factors in heart disease. The nutrients in figs, such as potassium and magnesium, are also essential for heart health.

Potassium helps regulate blood pressure, while magnesium supports healthy heart function. Studies have shown that consuming figs can improve heart health by lowering blood pressure and improving blood vessel function. By including figs in your diet, you can reduce your risk of heart disease and enjoy better overall cardiovascular health.

Figs for Cholesterol Reduction

High cholesterol levels can lead to serious health problems, but figs can help keep your cholesterol in check. Figs are packed with soluble fiber, which is known to lower LDL (bad cholesterol) levels while raising HDL (good cholesterol) levels. This balance is crucial for maintaining healthy cholesterol levels and preventing heart disease.

Incorporating figs into a heart-healthy diet is simple. Add them to your oatmeal, mix them into yogurt, or use them as a topping for desserts. The benefits of eating figs for cholesterol reduction make them a valuable food for anyone looking to improve their heart health.

Figs for Blood Pressure Regulation

Maintaining healthy blood pressure levels is essential for overall health, and figs can play a significant role in this. Figs are high in potassium, a mineral that helps regulate blood pressure by balancing the effects of sodium in your body. This balance is crucial for preventing hypertension and reducing the risk of stroke and heart disease.

The benefits of eating figs for blood pressure regulation are supported by research, which shows that potassium-rich foods like figs can help maintain healthy blood pressure levels. Incorporate figs into your diet by enjoying them as part of a balanced meal with other potassium-rich foods like bananas and spinach.

Other Advantages of Eating Figs

Beyond their benefits for weight loss and heart health, figs offer numerous other health advantages. Figs are excellent for digestive health due to their high fiber content, which helps promote regular bowel movements and prevent constipation. They also contain prebiotics, which support a healthy gut microbiome.

Figs are beneficial for bone health as well. They are rich in calcium and magnesium, two minerals essential for strong bones. Regular consumption of figs can help prevent bone-related conditions like osteoporosis.

Additionally, figs are great for skin health. The antioxidants and vitamins in figs help protect your skin from damage caused by free radicals, promoting a healthy and youthful complexion.

How to Add Figs to Your Daily Diet

Adding figs to your daily diet is easy and delicious. Here are some simple recipes and serving suggestions:

Snack on Fresh Figs: Enjoy fresh figs on their own for a quick and nutritious snack.
Fig and Walnut Salad: Toss sliced figs with walnuts, arugula, and a balsamic vinaigrette for a tasty salad.
Fig Smoothie: Blend figs with your favorite fruits and a splash of almond milk for a refreshing smoothie.
Fig Bars: Make homemade fig bars using dried figs, oats, and honey for a healthy treat.
Fig Chutney: Use figs to make a savory chutney that pairs well with cheese and crackers.

When choosing figs, opt for fresh, ripe figs for the best flavor and nutritional benefits. If fresh figs are not available, dried figs are a great alternative. Store figs in a cool, dry place and enjoy them regularly to reap their many health benefits.

Conclusion

In conclusion, figs are a powerhouse of nutrition and offer a wide range of health benefits. From aiding weight loss to preventing heart disease and regulating blood pressure, the advantages of eating figs are vast. Incorporate figs into your daily diet to improve your overall health and well-being. This makes them a must-have fruit for anyone looking to enhance their health naturally.