• Published on: Aug 07, 2021
  • 5 minute read
  • By: Secondmedic Expert

Kidney Stones: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis And Treatment

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Have you ever been struck by a pain so sharp and unrelenting that you found yourself questioning its source? If you've experienced a searing dagger of agony in your side, you may have unknowingly crossed paths with kidney stones – those tiny, yet formidable mineral troublemakers that can bring even the toughest among us to our knees. But what exactly are kidney stones, and how do they become the clandestine culprits behind this insufferable pain? In this comprehensive guide, we're on a mission to unravel the enigma of kidney stones, from their elusive beginnings to the quest for diagnosis and the path to pain-free living. So, brace yourself as we embark on a journey to expose the secrets of kidney stones and liberate you from their clutches.

What Are Kidney Stones?

Kidney stones, also referred to as nephrolithiasis, are solid crystalline formations that develop in the kidneys. These formations can vary in size and composition, with the most common types being calcium stones, accounting for approximately 80% of all kidney stones. Other types include uric acid stones, struvite stones (often associated with urinary tract infections), and cystine stones (rare and caused by a hereditary disorder).

Causes of Kidney Stones

1. Dietary Factors: Kidney stone formation is often influenced by diet. Oxalate-rich foods like spinach, chocolate, and nuts can contribute to stone development. Additionally, high sodium intake can lead to increased calcium levels in the urine, increasing the risk of stone formation.

2. Dehydration: Maintaining proper hydration is crucial for preventing kidney stones. When the body doesn't receive enough fluids, urine becomes more concentrated, making it easier for minerals to crystallize and form stones.

3. Genetics: Genetic factors play a significant role in kidney stone susceptibility. If you have a family history of kidney stones, you might be at a higher risk of developing them.

4. Underlying Medical Conditions: Several medical conditions can predispose individuals to kidney stones. For instance, people with gout, urinary tract infections, or metabolic disorders may be more prone to stone formation.

Common Kidney Stones Symptoms

1. Severe Flank Pain: Renal colic, the intense pain caused by kidney stones, is often described as one of the most excruciating pains a person can experience. This pain typically originates in the side or lower back and may radiate to the lower abdomen and groin. It can come in waves, making it challenging to find relief.

2. Blood in Urine: Hematuria, or blood in the urine, is a common symptom of kidney stones. The presence of stones can cause irritation and minor injuries to the urinary tract, leading to the presence of blood in the urine.

3. Frequent Urination: Individuals with kidney stones may feel the need to urinate more often than usual, even if they only pass small amounts of urine. This frequent urination is often accompanied by a sense of urgency.

4. Nausea and Vomiting: The severe pain associated with kidney stones can lead to feelings of nausea, and in some cases, vomiting. These symptoms can be particularly distressing for those affected.

5. Urinary Tract Infections: Kidney stones can obstruct the flow of urine, creating an environment conducive to urinary tract infections. Symptoms of a urinary tract infection associated with kidney stones may include fever, chills, and discomfort during urination.

Diagnosis of Kidney Stones

Diagnosing kidney stones is crucial for effective management. Healthcare professionals use various methods to confirm the presence and characteristics of kidney stones:

1. Imaging Tests: X-rays, CT scans, and ultrasounds provide detailed images of the urinary tract and help determine the size, location, and number of kidney stones. These images are essential for planning appropriate treatment.

2. Urinalysis: A urine test is used to detect the presence of blood, crystal particles, or abnormal levels of substances that are indicative of kidney stones. This test can also help identify potential urinary tract infections.

3. Blood Tests: Blood tests can reveal elevated levels of substances associated with kidney stone formation, such as calcium, uric acid, and creatinine. These results aid in diagnosing the specific type of kidney stone.

4. Stone Analysis: If you've passed a kidney stone, your healthcare provider may recommend collecting and analyzing it to determine its composition. This information is valuable for understanding the cause of the stone and preventing future occurrences.

Kidney Stones Treatment

The choice of kidney stones treatment  depends on various factors, including the size, location, and composition of the stones, as well as the severity of your symptoms. Here are more details on common treatment options:

1. Hydration: Adequate fluid intake is a key component of managing kidney stones. Drinking water helps dilute the urine and flush out smaller stones. Healthcare providers typically recommend at least 2 to 3 liters of water per day, and more in hot or arid climates

2. Pain Management: Over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen can help alleviate pain during a kidney stone episode. Prescription pain medications may be necessary for severe pain.

3. Medication: Depending on the type of kidney stone and its cause, your doctor may prescribe medications. For example, thiazide diuretics can help prevent the formation of calcium stones, and allopurinol can lower uric acid levels in the case of uric acid stones.

4. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): ESWL is a non-invasive procedure that uses shock waves to break large kidney stones into smaller, more manageable pieces. These smaller fragments can then be passed through urine more easily.

5. Ureteroscopy and Laser Lithotripsy: For stones that are too large for ESWL or for those located in the lower urinary tract, ureteroscopy may be recommended. During this procedure, a thin tube with a camera is inserted through the urethra and bladder to reach the stone. Laser lithotripsy is then used to break up the stone into smaller fragments that can be removed or naturally passed.

6. Surgery: Surgical intervention is rarely necessary but may be required for very large, complicated stones or when other treatments have failed. Procedures such as percutaneous nephrolithotomy involve making a small incision to access and remove the stone.

Preventing Kidney Stones

Preventing kidney stones is crucial, especially if you've experienced them before or have a family history of kidney stone disease. Here's a more detailed look at prevention strategies:

1. Stay Hydrated: Proper hydration is your first line of defense against kidney stones. Aim to drink enough fluids to produce clear or light yellow urine, typically around 8-10 cups (2-2.5 liters) per day. In hot weather or after strenuous exercise, you may need more.

2. Dietary Changes: To reduce the risk of stone formation, consider dietary modifications. Limit consumption of oxalate-rich foods like spinach, beetroot, and nuts. Reduce your salt intake, and ensure you get an adequate intake of dietary calcium from sources like dairy products.

3. Medication: Depending on the type of kidney stone and the underlying cause, your doctor may prescribe medications to prevent stone formation. These medications may include thiazide diuretics, potassium citrate, or allopurinol.

4. Lifestyle Choices: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help reduce your risk of kidney stones. Aim for a balanced diet, maintain a healthy weight, and engage in regular physical activity. Obesity and certain metabolic conditions can increase the likelihood of stone formation.

Seeking Medical Advice Online

In today's digital age, getting medical advice and assistance has become more convenient. If you're concerned about kidney stones or have questions about your symptoms, you can find support through various online resources. For example, you can use free 24/7 online doctor chat services to connect with healthcare professionals who can provide guidance and answer your questions. This service offers a convenient way to seek expert advice and understand your options.

Online Lab Tests and Diagnosis

In some cases, you may be able to order online lab tests to check for specific risk factors related to kidney stones. These tests can help you and your healthcare provider make informed decisions about prevention and treatment. Common tests include urinalysis, blood tests to assess mineral levels, and 24-hour urine collections to analyze stone risk factors.

Consultation with the Best Doctor for Kidney Stones

When dealing with kidney stones, it's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional who specializes in nephrology or urology. These specialists can provide expert advice on the best treatment options for your specific situation. You can find the best doctor for kidney stones through referrals from your primary care physician, recommendations from trusted sources, or by using online resources that provide information about healthcare providers in your area.

Buy Medicine Online Safely

If your doctor prescribes medication for the management of kidney stones, you can purchase your prescriptions online from reputable sources. When buying medication online, it's essential to ensure the safety and effectiveness of your treatment. Here are some tips for buying medicine online:

- Choose a licensed and reputable online pharmacy: Verify that the online pharmacy is licensed and accredited, and look for customer reviews to assess its reliability.

- Ensure prescription authenticity: Only order prescription medications with a valid prescription from your healthcare provider.

- Check for secure online transactions: Look for secure payment options and confirm that the website uses encryption to protect your personal and financial information.

In conclusion, kidney stones are a painful and potentially recurring condition, but with the right knowledge, lifestyle adjustments, and medical support, you can effectively manage and even prevent them. Understanding the causes, recognizing the symptoms, seeking proper diagnosis, and exploring various treatment options are crucial steps in your journey to kidney stone management. Don't hesitate to consult with the best doctor for kidney stones and use the resources available online for additional guidance and support. Kidney stone disease is manageable, and you don't have to face it alone.

Read FAQs


A. The first signs of kidney stone problems can vary from person to person, but common early symptoms may include sudden and intense kidney stone pain, often described as a sharp, stabbing sensation in the back or side. Other early signs can include pain during urination, frequent urination, blood in the urine (hematuria), and a general feeling of discomfort.

A. To know if you have kidney stones, you should pay attention to the symptoms. Kidney stones often cause severe and localized pain, typically in the back, side, lower abdomen, or groin. If you experience these symptoms, it's advisable to seek medical attention. Your healthcare provider will perform diagnostic tests such as imaging (CT scan, ultrasound, or X-ray) and a urinalysis to confirm the presence of kidney stones.

A. When you have kidney stones, your body may feel extremely uncomfortable and painful. The kidney stone pain can be excruciating, causing waves of intense pain in the back, side, abdomen, or groin. Additionally, you may experience symptoms like painful urination, frequent urination, blood in the urine, nausea, and restlessness. The specific feelings and symptoms can vary based on the size, location, and type of kidney stone you have. It's essential to consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment.

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Preventing the Spread of Nipah Virus

Preventing the Spread of Nipah Virus: Guidelines for Healthcare Workers and the Public

Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus transmitted from animals to humans, with cases of human-to-human transmission as well. First identified in 1999 during an outbreak in Malaysia, the virus has since caused sporadic outbreaks in South Asia, including India and Bangladesh. Given its high mortality rate and potential to cause a pandemic, preventing the spread of the Nipah virus has become a public health priority. Healthcare workers and the public must follow strict guidelines and Nipah virus prevention measures to control its spread.

What is the Nipah Virus?

Nipah virus is transmitted primarily through contact with infected animals, particularly fruit bats (the natural hosts), contaminated food, or human-to-human transmission via direct contact with bodily fluids. Symptoms range from mild flu-like signs to severe respiratory illness and fatal encephalitis. Early detection, isolation, and preventive measures are critical to reducing the impact of this deadly virus.

How to Prevent Nipah Virus: Essential Guidelines

Preventing the spread of Nipah virus requires a multifaceted approach that involves both healthcare workers and the general public. Following are key Nipah virus prevention tips to safeguard yourself and others.

1. Personal Hygiene and Sanitation

The first line of defense against any viral infection is maintaining good hygiene. Here are some basic Nipah virus safety measures:

  • Frequent hand washing: Use soap and water or alcohol-based sanitizers, especially after touching animals or being in public places.

  • Avoid contact with sick individuals: Nipah virus spreads through bodily fluids, making it essential to maintain distance from anyone showing symptoms such as fever, cough, or respiratory issues.

  • Cover your mouth and nose: When sneezing or coughing, always use a tissue or your elbow to prevent the spread of droplets.

  • Disinfect frequently touched surfaces: Keep your surroundings clean by disinfecting doorknobs, phones, and countertops.

2. Preventing Nipah Virus Transmission in Healthcare Settings

Healthcare workers are on the front lines and have the highest risk of exposure to the Nipah virus. Following these best practices for healthcare workers can significantly reduce the risk of transmission:

  • Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Wear gloves, masks, face shields, and gowns while attending to patients suspected of having Nipah virus infection. PPE serves as a physical barrier between healthcare workers and infected individuals.

  • Isolation of infected patients: Prevent the spread of the Nipah virus in hospitals by isolating infected individuals in negative pressure rooms. This ensures that the virus doesn’t spread to other patients or healthcare workers.

  • Strict disinfection protocols: Disinfect medical equipment and patient care areas after every use. Dispose of medical waste in a safe manner to prevent contamination.

  • Monitoring for symptoms: Healthcare workers should monitor themselves for any symptoms of the Nipah virus and report them immediately for early intervention.

3. Nipah Virus Prevention Measures for the Public

The public plays a vital role in curbing the spread of the Nipah virus in the community. Here are some strategies on how to prevent the Nipah virus among the general population:

  • Avoid consumption of raw date palm sap: Fruit bats, the natural carriers of Nipah virus, often contaminate date palm sap, leading to outbreaks. Always consume boiled or pasteurized sap.

  • Stay away from bats and pigs: If you are in an area known to have Nipah virus outbreaks, avoid contact with fruit bats and pigs, as these animals are known vectors of the virus.

  • Avoid eating fruits bitten by bats: If you find fruits with bite marks, discard them immediately, as they may be contaminated with the virus.

  • Report animal illness: Farmers and those working with animals should report any cases of illness in bats or pigs to the local authorities immediately to prevent the spread of the virus.

4. Nipah Virus Spread Prevention Strategies in Communities

Public health response to the Nipah virus requires the community to work together and follow recommended guidelines. Community-level interventions can play a pivotal role in stopping the spread:

  • Community awareness programs: Local governments and health organizations should initiate awareness campaigns to educate people on how the Nipah virus spreads and what precautions to take.

  • Quarantine protocols: Quarantining individuals who have been in contact with confirmed Nipah cases is crucial in breaking the chain of transmission.

  • Collaborative reporting: Communities should work closely with healthcare providers and local authorities to report any suspected cases of Nipah virus infection.

5. Best Practices for Healthcare Workers: Protecting Yourself and Patients

Healthcare professionals need to adopt Nipah virus transmission precautions to ensure their safety and prevent the spread of the virus. Here are some critical practices:

  • Adherence to infection control protocols: Strict infection control practices, such as using PPE and adhering to hygiene standards, are non-negotiable in hospital settings.

  • Timely diagnosis and isolation: Healthcare workers must be trained to recognize early symptoms of the Nipah virus and isolate patients immediately to prevent further spread.

  • Vaccination research: While there is no approved vaccine for Nipah virus yet, ongoing research in this area offers hope. Healthcare workers should stay informed about any updates regarding vaccine availability.

6. Public Health Response to Nipah Virus

Public health authorities must act quickly during outbreaks to limit the spread of the virus. Effective Nipah virus prevention strategies include:

  • Contact tracing and testing: Identifying those who have been in contact with infected individuals and testing them is a vital part of containing the virus.

  • Quarantine measures: Isolation and quarantine of individuals who test positive or have been exposed to the virus are essential in preventing community spread.

  • Rapid response teams: Specialized teams should be ready to respond to outbreaks with swift testing, isolation, and treatment measures.

7. Nipah Virus Prevention Measures for the Public and Travel Advice

During outbreaks, individuals are often advised to limit non-essential travel, especially to affected areas. Additional public Nipah virus prevention measures include:

  • Postponing travel to affected regions: If there's a Nipah virus outbreak in a specific area, avoid traveling there unless absolutely necessary.

  • Screening at airports and other entry points: Governments often set up health screenings to check for symptoms of the Nipah virus among travelers. Follow all screening protocols and report any symptoms immediately.

Conclusion: Working Together to Prevent the Spread of Nipah Virus

Preventing the spread of the Nipah virus requires coordinated efforts between healthcare workers, the public, and public health authorities. Following the outlined Nipah virus prevention tips, such as personal hygiene, isolating infected individuals, and adhering to public health guidelines, is essential. Healthcare workers must be diligent in wearing PPE, practicing isolation measures, and ensuring strict sanitation procedures in hospitals. The public, in turn, must stay informed, avoid risky behaviors, and report any suspected cases of infection.

With vigilance, collaboration, and adherence to these guidelines, we can reduce the spread of Nipah virus and protect public health.

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