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Published on: Oct 28, 2020
2 minute read
By: Dr Rajan ( Medical Second Opinion Cell)

COVID: A Reminder To Stay Safe

COVID: A reminder to stay safe

As we approach the second wave of COVID, we need to remain vigilant with our actions to prevent the spread of the virus. We are continuously reminded about wearing a mask in public, maintaining socially distant, and not engaging in risky behavior such as large gatherings. But today we will focus on other forms of transmission. COVID is primarily transmitted by airborne droplets, but spreading the infection through infected surfaces is still feasible. Here we will look at three articles that investigate this mode of transmission.

SARS-COV-2 Survives for 28 days on surfaces

This study by Australian scientists has found that SARS-CoV-2 can survive on surfaces for up to 28 days. The team investigated using the same amounts of virus found on infected individuals, interacting with surfaces such as cotton, paper, stainless steel, glass, and vinyl. Such materials were chosen as they represent commonly touched objects such as mobile phones, ATMs, supermarket checkout regions, items that may not be cleaned regularly enough. Previous research showed the virus could be detected in aerosols for up to three hours, and on plastic and stainless steel surfaces for up to three days.

This study found the virus may survive as long as a week on most surfaces, with enough potency to re-infect. Even after two weeks, there were still plenty of detectable viruses. On other surfaces such as banknotes, the virus could survive as long as a month. The survival of the virus is also potentiated by colder temperatures. The virus is far less likely to survive at 30C than at 6 C, a worrying finding for countries currently approaching winter.

Survival of SARS-CoV 2 on the human skin

We know our skin is host to millions of different bacteria and viruses, but the conditions created by the body alongside the degree of microbial competition actually makes it quite a hostile environment for pathogenic microbes. Hirose et al looked to investigate how well the SARS-CoV-2 virus survives on human skin, using a model. They found that SARS-CoV-2 and the influenza A virus were destroyed more quickly on the skin than other surfaces such as steel, glass, and plastic. However, COVID lasted over 4x longer on skin compared to Influenza A (9 hours vs 1.8 hours).

More importantly, ethanol compounds were found to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 within 15 seconds on human skin. This highlights the importance of regular hand washing, even if with alcohol gel. Taking this in mind, it is useful to keep small bottles of alcohol gel on a person when traveling in public and using it regularly. After all, if you are touching door handles and other items that hundreds of other people may have touched before you, potentially with poor hygiene, it is safer to regularly disinfect.

Low risk of COVID transmission by fomites in real life conditions

Having taken these studies into account, it is quite difficult to quantifiably measure transmission from surface to a person. Knowledge of this transmissibility is quite important, especially to those working in a hospital environment. A review by Mondelli et al published in the prestigious journal The Lancet (Infectious Disease) describes two sequential studies to looking at the possibility of contamination of surfaces in an infectious disease ward of a major Italian hospital, and also whether risk of transmission was higher in emergency rooms and sub-intensive care wards.

These studies found there were very few surfaces in the hospital through which positive swabs could be taken, suggesting contamination was low. Of course the hospitals were running standard cleaning procedures, with regular wipedowns of commonly toughed objects. This again highlights the importance of maintaining hygiene, and how adequate cleanliness can significantly reduce the risk of infection.

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Digestive System Disorders: Common Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention Tips

The digestive system plays a vital role in overall health by breaking down food, absorbing nutrients and eliminating waste. When this system does not function properly, it can lead to discomfort, poor nutrition and chronic illness. Digestive system disorders are increasingly common due to modern lifestyles, dietary habits and stress. Understanding their causes, symptoms and prevention strategies is essential for maintaining long-term gut health.

Public health research shows that a large proportion of adults experience digestive symptoms at some point in their lives, yet many delay seeking care until problems become severe.

What Are Digestive System Disorders?

Digestive system disorders are conditions that affect:

the oesophagus
stomach
intestines
liver
pancreas
gallbladder

They may be temporary or chronic and range from mild functional issues to serious inflammatory or structural diseases.

Common Digestive System Disorders

Acid Reflux and GERD

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid flows back into the oesophagus.

Symptoms include:

heartburn
chest discomfort
sour taste in mouth
difficulty swallowing

Long-term reflux can damage the oesophagus if untreated.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

IBS is a functional bowel disorder.

Symptoms include:

abdominal pain
bloating
diarrhoea or constipation
alternating bowel habits

Stress and diet often trigger symptoms.

Constipation

Constipation involves infrequent or difficult bowel movements.

Causes include:

low fibre intake
dehydration
sedentary lifestyle

Chronic constipation affects comfort and gut function.

Diarrhoea

Diarrhoea results from rapid bowel movements.

Common causes include:

infections
food intolerance
medication side effects

Persistent diarrhoea may lead to dehydration and nutrient loss.

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Ulcers are sores in the stomach or intestinal lining.

Symptoms include:

burning stomach pain
nausea
bloating

They are often linked to infections or long-term medication use.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

IBD includes conditions like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.

Symptoms include:

chronic diarrhoea
abdominal pain
weight loss
fatigue

IBD requires long-term medical management.

Common Symptoms of Digestive Disorders

Digestive system disorders often present with:

abdominal pain or cramps
bloating and gas
nausea or vomiting
constipation or diarrhoea
heartburn
unexplained weight changes

Symptoms may fluctuate and worsen with stress or poor diet.

Causes of Digestive System Disorders

Poor Dietary Habits

Diets high in:

processed foods
refined sugars
unhealthy fats

strain the digestive system and alter gut microbiota.

Stress and Mental Health

Chronic stress affects gut-brain communication, worsening digestive symptoms.

Infections

Bacterial, viral or parasitic infections disrupt gut function.

Food Intolerances

Lactose, gluten or other intolerances cause digestive distress.

Sedentary Lifestyle

Lack of physical activity slows digestion and bowel movement.

Medication Use

Certain medications irritate the stomach lining or alter gut flora.

Who Is at Higher Risk?

People at increased risk include:

individuals with poor diet
those under chronic stress
older adults
people with family history of gut disease
individuals with sedentary lifestyles

Early lifestyle correction reduces risk significantly.

Diagnosis of Digestive Disorders

Evaluation may include:

medical history
physical examination
blood tests
stool tests
imaging or endoscopy

Diagnosis depends on symptom severity and duration.

Treatment Approaches

Medical Management

Treatment varies by condition and may include:

acid suppressants
anti-inflammatory medications
probiotics
antibiotics when needed

Dietary Modifications

increase fibre intake
limit trigger foods
eat regular meals
avoid excessive alcohol

Diet plays a central role in gut health.

Lifestyle Changes

manage stress
exercise regularly
stay hydrated
maintain sleep routine

Healthy habits support digestive function.

Prevention Tips for Digestive Health

Eat a Balanced Diet

Include fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean proteins.

Stay Hydrated

Water supports digestion and prevents constipation.

Manage Stress

Mindfulness and relaxation techniques improve gut-brain balance.

Be Physically Active

Movement stimulates bowel activity and gut motility.

Avoid Smoking and Excess Alcohol

These irritate the digestive tract and worsen symptoms.

Seek Early Medical Advice

Early care prevents complications and chronic disease.

Long-Term Impact of Ignoring Digestive Problems

Untreated digestive disorders may lead to:

nutrient deficiencies
chronic inflammation
poor quality of life
increased disease complications

Early intervention is more effective and less invasive.

When to Consult a Doctor

Medical advice is recommended if:

symptoms persist beyond weeks
pain is severe
blood appears in stool
unexplained weight loss occurs

Prompt evaluation ensures safe management.

Conclusion

Digestive system disorders are common but often underestimated health issues. Symptoms such as bloating, pain, constipation and heartburn may seem minor initially but can signal deeper problems if ignored. Understanding causes, recognising early symptoms and adopting preventive habits help protect digestive health. With timely care, balanced nutrition and healthy lifestyle choices, most digestive disorders can be effectively managed, allowing the digestive system to function smoothly and support overall wellbeing.

References

Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) – Digestive Health and Nutrition Reports
World Health Organization (WHO) – Digestive Disorders and Gut Health Guideline
National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) – Dietary Fibre and Gut Health Researc
Lancet – Gastrointestinal Disease and Prevention Studies
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology – Digestive Disorder Research
Statista – Digestive Health Trends and Lifestyle Factors

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