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Published on: May 13, 2022
2 minute read
By: Second Medic Expert

Chronic Sinusitis

Chronic sinusitis can be caused by a number of things, such as allergies, a deviated septum, nasal polyps, and smoking. In some cases, it may also be caused by a fungal infection. Treatment will vary depending on the underlying cause. If it's caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed. If it's caused by a fungal infection, antifungal medications may be prescribed. Surgery may also be necessary to correct a deviated septum or remove nasal polyps.

Chronic sinusitis is a serious medical condition that can cause a great deal of discomfort and can even lead to serious health problems. Symptoms of chronic sinusitis usually include congestion, drainage, pain, and pressure in the face. The cause of chronic sinusitis is not always clear, but it may be caused by a viral or bacterial infection, allergies, structural abnormalities in the nose, or other factors. Treatment for chronic sinusitis generally includes antibiotics if the cause is bacterial, nasal sprays and decongestants if allergies are the cause, and surgery if there is a structural problem with the nose.

Chronic sinusitis, also known as chronic rhinosinusitis, is a long-term inflammation of the lining of the sinuses.[1] It is defined as 12 weeks or more of symptoms that occur for more than four days per week and last for more than three months.[2] Symptoms may include a blocked nose, facial pain and pressure, sneezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing through the nose.

A person with chronic sinusitis may also have fatigue, poor appetite, and weight loss. The cause is not fully understood but is thought to be due to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Risk factors include allergies, asthma, smoking, and exposure to certain chemicals.

Chronic sinusitis is a condition where the sinuses become inflamed and swollen, making it difficult to breathe. In most cases, the cause of chronic sinusitis is unknown, but it may be related to a viral infection, allergies, or changes in the immune system. There is no one-size-fits-all cure for chronic sinusitis, but some treatments that may help include nasal sprays or irrigation, antibiotics if you have a bacterial infection, antihistamines if you have allergies, and surgery for polyps or other structural problems. Some people also find relief from using a humidifier or steam inhalation.

There are many potential causes of chronic sinusitis, including allergies, infection, and autoimmune conditions. Treatment for chronic sinusitis usually involves medications to reduce inflammation and mucus production, as well as lifestyle changes such as avoiding allergens and smoking. Surgery may also be necessary in some cases.

It's defined as sinusitis that lasts for 12 weeks or longer. Symptoms include nasal congestion, facial pressure and pain, decreased sense of smell and taste, and post-nasal drip. There are many causes of chronic sinusitis, including allergies, anatomic abnormalities (like a deviated septum), smoking, and immune system disorders. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, steroid nasal sprays, decongestants, and surgery.

Chronic sinusitis can be caused by a variety of factors, the most common of which is allergies. Other causes can include bacterial or viral infections, structural problems with the nose or sinuses, and autoimmune diseases. Treatment for chronic sinusitis depends on the underlying cause, and may include medications such as antibiotics, decongestants, and steroids; surgery; or other treatments such as nasal irrigation or allergy immunotherapy. Chronic sinusitis is an infection of the sinuses that doesn't go away. It's often caused by a cold or allergies, and it can last for months or even years.

Symptoms of chronic sinusitis include a stuffy nose, headache, pain in the face, and a sore throat. You may also have trouble breathing through your nose. The best way to treat chronic sinusitis is with antibiotics. If the antibiotics don't help, you may need surgery to remove the infected tissue.

Chronic sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses that lasts for more than 12 weeks. It can be caused by a number of different things, such as allergies, a cold or flu, a deviated septum, or nasal polyps. Symptoms include congestion, a runny nose, facial pain and pressure, headache, and bad breath. Treatment typically involves antibiotics if the cause is bacterial, antihistamines and decongestants if the cause is allergies, and surgery if the cause is a deviated septum or nasal polyps. In some cases, chronic sinusitis can also be treated with steroid injections into the sinuses or with saline irrigations.

There can be many causes of chronic sinusitis, including allergies, autoimmune diseases, structural problems within the nose, and infections. Treatment for chronic sinusitis depends on the underlying cause. If an infection is present, antibiotics may be prescribed. If allergies are the cause, antihistamines or allergy shots may be recommended. Surgery may be necessary to correct any structural problems within the nose.

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Common Respiratory Infections: Symptoms, Causes, and Prevention

Respiratory infections are one of the leading causes of illness across all age groups. They affect the respiratory tract, which includes the nose, throat, airways and lungs. While many respiratory infections are mild and self-limiting, some can become severe, especially in vulnerable populations.

Most respiratory infections are viral; antibiotics are not always required unless bacterial infection is confirmed.

In Common Cold vs Flu, add

Flu is usually more severe, with sudden fever, marked fatigue, and body aches.

Add COVID-19 mention briefly under respiratory infections list as an important viral infection

Understanding common respiratory infections, their causes and prevention strategies is essential for protecting lung health and preventing complications.

What Are Respiratory Infections?

Respiratory infections occur when viruses, bacteria or other pathogens infect the respiratory system. They are broadly classified into:

upper respiratory infections
lower respiratory infections

Upper respiratory infections affect the nose and throat, while lower respiratory infections involve the lungs and bronchi.

Common Types of Respiratory Infections

Common Cold

The most frequent respiratory infection, caused by viruses.

Symptoms include:

runny or blocked nose
sore throat
sneezing
mild cough

Influenza (Flu)

A viral infection that may cause more severe symptoms than the common cold.

Symptoms include:

high fever
body aches
fatigue
cough

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchial tubes.

Symptoms include:

persistent cough
chest discomfort
mucus production

Pneumonia

A serious lung infection affecting air sacs.

Symptoms include:

fever
breathlessness
chest pain
productive cough

Sinus Infections

Infection of the sinus cavities.

Symptoms include:

facial pain
nasal congestion
headache

Causes of Respiratory Infections

Viral Causes

Viruses are the most common cause of respiratory infections and spread easily.

Bacterial Causes

Certain infections like pneumonia and sinusitis may be bacterial and require medical treatment.

Environmental Factors

Exposure to:

air pollution
smoke
allergens

can weaken respiratory defences.

Weakened Immunity

Low immunity increases susceptibility to infection.

How Respiratory Infections Spread

Respiratory infections commonly spread through:

coughing and sneezing
close personal contact
contaminated surfaces
crowded environments

Poor ventilation increases transmission risk.

Symptoms That Should Not Be Ignored

Seek medical advice if experiencing:

high or persistent fever
difficulty breathing
chest pain
bluish lips or nails
prolonged cough

Early care prevents complications.

Why Respiratory Infections Are Common in Certain Seasons

Seasonal factors such as:

cold weather
monsoon humidity
indoor crowding

increase infection spread.

Who Is Most at Risk?

High-risk groups include:

infants and children
elderly individuals
pregnant women
people with asthma, COPD or heart disease

Extra precautions are essential for these groups.

Prevention of Common Respiratory Infections

Maintain Good Hand Hygiene

Regular handwashing reduces transmission.

Follow Respiratory Etiquette

Cover mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing.

Improve Indoor Air Quality

Proper ventilation reduces airborne spread.

Stay Vaccinated

Vaccination protects against infections like influenza and pneumonia.

Strengthen Immunity

Balanced diet, adequate sleep and physical activity support immune health.

Avoid Smoking and Second-Hand Smoke

Smoke damages airway defence mechanisms.

Role of Nutrition in Respiratory Health

Adequate intake of:

vitamins
minerals
antioxidants

supports immune response and lung health.

Importance of Early Diagnosis

Early identification:

reduces disease severity
prevents complications
limits spread

Timely care improves recovery.

Long-Term Impact of Recurrent Respiratory Infections

Repeated infections may lead to:

chronic cough
reduced lung function
increased vulnerability to future illness

Prevention protects long-term respiratory health.

When to Consult a Doctor

Medical evaluation is recommended if:

symptoms worsen
recovery is delayed
breathing difficulty occurs

Prompt care reduces risk.

Conclusion

Common respiratory infections are widespread but largely preventable. Viruses, bacteria, environmental exposure and weakened immunity contribute to their development. Understanding symptoms, causes and prevention strategies helps individuals take early action and protect lung health. By practising good hygiene, staying vaccinated, improving immunity and seeking timely medical care, the risk of respiratory infections and their complications can be significantly reduced.

References

World Health Organization (WHO) – Respiratory Infections and Prevention Guidelines
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) – Acute Respiratory Infection Reports
National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) – Respiratory Disease Surveillance
Lancet Respiratory Medicine – Infection and Lung Health Studies
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare – Seasonal Respiratory Advisory
Statista – Global Respiratory Infection Trends

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