How is HIV transmitted?

HIV is primarily transmitted through specific body fluids that contain high concentrations of the virus. The main modes of HIV transmission include:

1. Unprotected Sexual Contact:
   - HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse (vaginal, anal, or oral) with an infected person, particularly if there are open sores, cuts, or mucous membranes present.

2. Sharing of Needles:
   - Sharing needles or syringes with an infected person, such as in the context of injecting drugs, can transmit HIV.

3. Mother-to-Child Transmission:
   - HIV can be transmitted from an HIV-positive mother to her child during childbirth, delivery, or breastfeeding.

4. Blood Transfusions and Organ Transplants:
   - In the past, HIV transmission occurred through contaminated blood or blood products. However, blood screening measures have significantly reduced this risk. Organ transplants from infected donors could also transmit HIV.

5. Occupational Exposure:
   - Healthcare workers may be at risk of HIV transmission through accidental needle sticks or contact with infected blood.

6. Contaminated Instruments:
   - The use of contaminated instruments for medical or cosmetic procedures can pose a risk of HIV transmission.

7. Pre-existing STIs:
   - Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that cause open sores or lesions can increase the risk of HIV transmission during sexual contact.

It's important to note that HIV is not transmitted through casual contact, such as hugging, kissing, shaking hands, sharing utensils, or through the air like the flu virus. Additionally, consistent and correct use of condoms and the availability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can significantly reduce the risk of sexual transmission.