Ask a doctor - What is the underlying cause of Parkinson disease?

Q. What is the underlying cause of Parkinson disease?

Doctor Answer is medically reviewed by SecondMedic medical review team.

Answered by Secondmedic Expert

The exact cause of Parkinson's disease is not fully understood, but it is believed to be the result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Researchers have identified several key factors that may contribute to the development of Parkinson's disease:

1. Genetic Factors: While the majority of cases of Parkinson's disease are sporadic (meaning they occur without a clear family history), there is evidence to suggest that genetics can play a role in some cases. Mutations or variations in certain genes, such as the LRRK2, SNCA, PARKIN, PINK1, and DJ-1 genes, have been associated with an increased risk of developing the disease. However, having these genetic mutations does not guarantee that a person will develop Parkinson's disease.

2. Environmental Factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins and chemicals may increase the risk of developing Parkinson's disease. Pesticides, herbicides, and other agricultural chemicals have been studied as potential risk factors. Additionally, some studies have suggested a link between head injuries and an increased risk of Parkinson's disease.

3. Oxidative Stress: Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of harmful free radicals and the body's ability to neutralize them with antioxidants. Oxidative stress can damage cells, including the dopamine-producing cells in the brain, which are particularly vulnerable.

4. Inflammation: Chronic inflammation in the brain may contribute to the development and progression of Parkinson's disease. The immune system's response to inflammation could damage nerve cells.

5. Protein Aggregation: In Parkinson's disease, abnormal protein deposits called Lewy bodies accumulate in certain brain cells. These deposits are primarily composed of a protein called alpha-synuclein. The accumulation of alpha-synuclein and the formation of Lewy bodies are thought to contribute to the death of dopamine-producing neurons.

It's important to note that Parkinson's disease is a complex and multifactorial disorder, and the interplay of these factors is not fully understood. Additionally, not everyone exposed to potential risk factors will develop the disease, and not all cases of Parkinson's disease can be traced back to a specific cause.

Research into the causes of Parkinson's disease is ongoing, and scientists continue to investigate the complex interactions between genetics, environment, and cellular processes in the development of the condition. Understanding the underlying causes of Parkinson's disease is critical for the development of better treatments and potential preventive measures in the future.