Ask a doctor - What causes cervical cancer?

Q. What causes cervical cancer?

Doctor Answer is medically reviewed by SecondMedic medical review team.

Answered by Secondmedic Expert

Cervical cancer is primarily caused by persistent infection with certain high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a group of viruses that are transmitted through sexual contact. While many HPV infections resolve on their own without causing any harm, persistent infection with high-risk HPV strains can lead to changes in the cervical cells, which can eventually develop into cervical cancer. Here are key points about the causes of cervical cancer:

1. HPV Infection: High-risk HPV strains, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, are the primary culprits behind cervical cancer. These viruses can infect the cervical cells, causing changes in their DNA that can lead to cancer over time. HPV is very common, and most sexually active individuals will contract the virus at some point in their lives.

2. Risk Factors: Certain factors increase the risk of HPV infection progressing to cervical cancer, including smoking, a weakened immune system, long-term use of birth control pills, having many sexual partners, and early sexual activity.

3. Cervical Cell Changes: Persistent HPV infection can lead to changes in the cervical cells, ranging from mild dysplasia (precancerous changes) to severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ (preinvasive cancer). Without intervention, these precancerous changes can develop into invasive cervical cancer.

4. Preventive Measures: Regular cervical cancer screenings, such as Pap smears and HPV tests, are essential for early detection and treatment of precancerous changes or early-stage cancer. Additionally, vaccines like the HPV vaccine (e.g., Gardasil or Cervarix) can protect against the most common high-risk HPV strains and significantly reduce the risk of cervical cancer. These vaccines are recommended for young individuals before they become sexually active.

5. Other Factors: While HPV infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer, other factors can contribute, such as a family history of cervical cancer, a weakened immune system, and co-infection with other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

It's important to note that cervical cancer is largely preventable through regular screenings, vaccination against HPV, and safer sexual practices. Early detection and intervention greatly increase the chances of successful treatment and cure.