Q. What are the early signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

The early signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease can be subtle and may vary from person to person. Not everyone with Parkinson's disease will experience all of these symptoms, and some individuals may have additional non-motor symptoms. Common early signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease include:

1. Tremors: Tremors or shaking, often starting in one hand. This is one of the hallmark symptoms of Parkinson's disease. These tremors are typically more noticeable at rest and may lessen with purposeful movement.

2. Bradykinesia: Slowness of movement, making everyday tasks take longer to complete. It can affect tasks like buttoning a shirt, walking, or getting up from a chair.

3. Muscle Rigidity: Stiffness in the muscles, which can cause discomfort and reduced flexibility. This rigidity can affect various parts of the body.

4. Postural Instability: Difficulty maintaining balance and an increased risk of falling, especially when turning or changing direction while walking.

5. Changes in Handwriting: Known as micrographia, people with Parkinson's disease often experience a reduction in the size of their handwriting over time.

6. Reduced Arm Swing: A decreased or absent arm swing while walking, which can make a person's gait appear stiff or unnatural.

7. Mask-Like Expression: A fixed, emotionless facial expression, often referred to as a "mask-like face."

8. Soft Speech: Speaking softly or with a monotonous tone, sometimes accompanied by slurred speech.

9. Decreased Sense of Smell: Hyposmia, or a reduced ability to smell and identify odors, can be an early non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease.

10. Sleep Disturbances: Sleep problems, including insomnia, restless legs syndrome, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder, may occur in the early stages of the disease.

11. Constipation: Gastrointestinal symptoms like constipation are common in Parkinson's disease.

12. Depression and Anxiety: Mood changes, including depression and anxiety, can occur early in the disease and may be related to both the physical and psychological impact of the condition.

It's important to note that not all individuals will experience these symptoms, and some may have a combination of motor and non-motor symptoms. Additionally, the progression of symptoms can vary widely among people with Parkinson's disease. If you or someone you know is experiencing any of these symptoms, especially if they persist or worsen over time, it's important to seek medical evaluation and consultation with a healthcare professional, preferably a neurologist experienced in Parkinson's disease, for proper diagnosis and management. Early diagnosis and intervention can help improve the quality of life for individuals with Parkinson's disease.